1905 movie network news Directed by director jon turteltaub and co-starred by Jason Statham, Li Bingbing, rainn wilson, Ruby Rose, Zhao Wenxuan and sophia, the action sci-fi adventure blockbuster will be officially released in the world on August 10th. Recently, the film held a media viewing in the United States, which gained a high reputation. The media generally believed that the film had everything, was full of entertainment and had an excellent viewing experience. Some film critics even said that The Meg was shocking and exciting, comparable to "underwater".

　

The Meg’s rave reviews swept through American social media and won the title of the coolest film this summer. CNN, Entertainment Weekly, Los Angeles Times, People Weekly, Hollywood Reporter, Forbes and other well-known media reporters praised the film for bringing surprises. Among them, the richness and interest of film stories have become the biggest highlight. CNN reporters think the film is very attractive. "The plot twists and turns just right, and the sense of rhythm is full, and the comedy elements and action scenes are very balanced." GIZMODO, a well-known American science and technology blog site, commented that the film is the "crazy, exciting and interesting type" expected by the audience. "The Meg is just the summer blockbuster you’ve been looking forward to. It’s intense and exciting. Besides the amazing special effects, it’s also full of sense of humor." "It’s a perfect summer blockbuster that must be watched on the super-large screen." "You will scream and laugh. The film is very interesting from beginning to end, satisfying everything you want to get when you go to the cinema."

　

In addition to the entertaining plot, the special effects of the film review have also been greatly recognized. Freelance reporters said that the special effects of the film are "real and interesting, and will not make people feel boring or dramatic." The reporter of Hollywood Report praised the production of sharks. "The image of sharks is well-made, scary and realistic."

　

The prehistoric behemoth Megalodon was put on the big screen for the first time, and the shock and fear it brought impressed the viewers deeply. The author of SlashFilm, a famous American movie blog, said that Megalodon appeared like a "blockbuster". Another film critic thinks that this movie will bring you "bloody fun" if you like watching the pictures of sharks biting humans. There is also an audience who is a fan of the original novel. He said excitedly that he was very shocked to see Megalodon on the big screen. "When Megalodon first appeared, I even shed tears."

　

In the deep-sea adventure full of fun and excitement, the actors’ performance was also widely praised. Jason Statham’s strong confrontation with prehistoric behemoths caused numerous screams, and the reporter of LA Times thought Jason gave the best performance since filming. The reporter of Yahoo Entertainment bluntly said, "Stanson+action drama never lets people down." Some film critics said that Jason Statham’s action drama made her "nervous and anxious". For Li Bingbing’s performance, the audience also praised him. "I’m glad to see such a brave and powerful female character in the film."

Directed and directed by Bo Huang, the film starring Wang Baoqiang, Shu Qi, LAY, Yu Hewei and Wang Xun will be released nationwide on August 10th. On August 4 th, the fifth episode of the behind-the-scenes special reality show "Another Good Play" was officially launched. In this special issue, with the enlightenment and encouragement of Bo Huang and the crew, LAY finally overcame his "fish phobia", not only grasping raw fish, but also successfully challenging raw fish, showing his professionalism as an actor.

　

LAY successfully challenged to eat raw fish and Bo Huang led everyone to film in the flood.

　

During the filming of The Island, the biggest challenge for LAY was how to overcome his fear of fish. In the last behind-the-scenes reality show, LAY admitted that he was afraid of scaly animals since he was a child, so he frequently begged the director Bo Huang and the staff for mercy, even hoping to change the play without touching raw fish.

　

At first, LAY was afraid of fake fish props, and the filming process was obviously slowed down a lot. However, LAY felt guilty because everyone in the crew was waiting for him. He didn’t want to delay everyone’s time. Finally, with the encouragement of Bo Huang, he overcame his fear of catching raw fish. In order to achieve the best performance effect, he even asked for more shots. In the scene of shooting live fish, Bo Huang and LAY ate fish at the same time. When Bo Huang was scared and screamed by the strange sound of fish, LAY was surprisingly calm, still eating raw fish, and completely devoted himself to his performance, which won unanimous praise from everyone.

　

For director Bo Huang, the uncertain weather on the island is his biggest headache. When filming the scene of LAY eating fish, the rainstorm continued, the river rose, the beach that had already been set up was almost submerged, and half of the photographic equipment was immersed in the water. Considering the pressure of time and producers, Bo Huang didn’t give up. With the joint efforts of the crew, he finished the play in the rainstorm, which showed the spirit of the characters fighting against fate.

　

The film The Island exposed the poster of "Monopoly" version, and everyone lived on a desert island and strived to be a winner in life.

　

It is reported that the film The Island is an allegorical story about the employees of the company who were shipwrecked on a group trip and were forced to live together on a desert island, and faced a series of "human nature" problems. According to the plot of the film, the film released a set of "Monopoly" posters, with a total of four posters in cartoon style and fine brushes. Each poster was divided into several squares by criss-crossing lines, symbolizing the plates in the "Monopoly" game.

　

The first poster is based on the urban landscape, with high-rise buildings and neon lights. A yellow bus stops by the road, indicating that everyone is about to go to the League Building. Then, on the second poster, the situation changed, the waves surged and the ship sank, which just corresponded to the plot that everyone was accidentally shipwrecked. On the third poster, there are many trees, and people are in groups of three or two, which reflects the embarrassing situation that everyone has just been stranded on a desert island. In the last poster, most people have changed into uniform blue and white clothes, some are farming and some are fishing, which seems to imply that people have adapted to life on a desert island and a new production relationship is being established.

　

The whole set of posters shows the various stages of the movie plot step by step, and naming it "Monopoly" makes people wonder whether people will change their social status in the real society, and new leaders and winners will emerge.

　　1995 was the year with the largest increase in electricity in the history of this city. Following Comrade Li Peng’s instructions, with the strong support of the relevant departments of the central government, the first phase of the "9511 Project" was achieved as scheduled after nearly three years of hard work by the employees of North China Electricity Regulatory Bureau and Beijing Power Supply Bureau. In 1995, the electricity consumption index increased by 1 million kilowatts over the previous year, reaching 3.7 million kilowatts. Since November 1, 1995, the electricity consumption of residents in the capital has been stopped.

　　In order to implement the "9511 Project", the city has invested a total of 3.9 billion yuan. In the whole year, 11 new units with 2.63 million kilowatts were put into operation in North China Power Grid, and 5 units with 1.5 million kilowatts were put into operation in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Power Grid. The annual power transmission from Shanxi and Inner Mongolia energy bases to the east increased to 1.25 million kilowatts, accounting for about a quarter of the maximum load of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power grid. Unit 1 of the Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station was also connected to the grid for power generation in December. In three years, two 500 kV substations and eight 220 kV substations have been built, and the problems of aging wires, outdated facilities and insufficient capacity of urban residential buildings have been solved by stages, and the wiring of 23,700 residential buildings has been changed and the capacity has been increased by 22,000 amperes.

　　In 1995, the total electricity consumption in Beijing reached 22.26 billion kWh, equivalent to 314 times that in 1949. The domestic electricity consumption of urban and rural residents is 1.81 billion kWh, and the per capita annual domestic electricity consumption reaches 180 kWh, ranking second in the country.

　　Two, the new 30 thousand mu of vegetable protection land, the opening of three green channels, the public’s vegetable basket is more abundant.

　　1995 was the year with the strongest vegetable field construction in this city. The municipal level invested 120 million yuan, added 10,000 hectares (150,000 mu) of vegetable fields, developed 2,000 hectares (30,000 mu) of vegetable protected areas, and built 18 vegetable production bases with one village and one product, with the basic vegetable fields in the city reaching 31,900 hectares (478,000 mu). The total output of vegetables in the whole year was 3.97 billion kilograms, an increase of 13.5% over the previous year.

　　There are 75 newly developed pig farms with a scale of 10,000 heads, 20 newly built and qualified chicken farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads, and more than 150 pig farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads and more than 50 chicken farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads respectively. 48.896 million broilers were produced in the whole year, an increase of 38.5% over the previous year; There are 3.359 million commercial pigs, 111,000 beef cattle, 713,000 meat crops and 80,500 tons of aquatic products, all of which have increased over the previous year, ensuring the effective supply of the capital non-staple food market.

　　In order to enrich vegetable sources, increase supply and reduce prices, leading comrades of the municipal government led a team to Shandong, Hebei and other vegetable producing areas, and issued nearly 600 green passes to transporters who sent vegetables to Beijing for a long time, opening up three "green channels" in Shouguang, Shandong, Zhangjiakou and Laoting, Hebei, with an average of 3.5 million kilograms of vegetables coming to Beijing every day.

　　Three, 980 chain stores facilitate and benefit the people, and 800 state-owned designated grain stores play the role of the main channel.

　　1995 was the fastest year for the development of chain commerce in the city. The total number of chain stores reached 980, three times that at the beginning of the year, among which 430 convenience chain stores mainly engaged in grain, oil, meat, eggs, vegetables and daily necessities, six times that at the beginning of the year. A number of popular chain stores and convenience markets such as "Good Neighbor" chain stores in Xicheng District have emerged, which have played a positive role in ensuring the supply of daily necessities for residents and stabilizing prices.

　　The whole city has established a grain and oil supply security system with 800 state-owned designated grain stores as the core, including 600 in the suburbs of the city, dealing in at least 50 kinds of grain, oil and food. Some state-owned grain stores have implemented chain operation.

　　Ten large and medium-sized shopping malls with an area of 10,000 square meters or more will be built, bringing the total number of such shopping malls to 50. Beijing’s business presents a new pattern of supporting large, medium and small, and combining high, middle and low grades.

　　The total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 82.7 billion yuan, an increase of 15 billion yuan or 24% over the previous year, and maintained a double-digit growth for 13 consecutive years.

　　In the whole year, 13 new markets were built, 80 were upgraded and rebuilt, and 1 agricultural and sideline products direct selling market was piloted, with a total market of 1062, an increase of 1.2%; The turnover was 19.5 billion yuan, an increase of 30.1%. There are 20 bazaars with annual turnover exceeding 100 million yuan. The bazaar has become an important channel for people’s non-staple food supply in the capital.

　　Fourth, do everything possible to solve the living difficulties of some people and actively carry out poverty alleviation in remote mountainous areas.

　　"send warm" activities are widely carried out in the city. In order to ensure the basic livelihood of low-income workers and enterprise retirees, from the second half of 1995, the minimum monthly wage in the city was raised from 210 yuan to 240 yuan; Increased the pension for retirees; The payment standard of unemployment security fund has been raised from 150-188 yuan to 174-218 yuan. More than 14 million yuan was borrowed from the unemployment insurance fund to provide basic living expenses for employees in difficult enterprises.

　　On the original basis, the standard of pension relief and subsidy for special care recipients in the city increased by 20 yuan per person per month, and 1.2 million yuan was granted to 3,070 low-income severely disabled people. Social relief funds have been set up in 50 streets, raising a total of 2.23 million yuan in the whole year, and providing additional living allowances ranging from tens of yuan per month for social relief recipients. Raising funds from various sources, 68 nursing homes were relocated, expanded and transformed. The second five-guarantee survey was carried out in the city, and the support standards and service measures were implemented to ensure the basic life of the five-guarantee recipients.

　　We have fully implemented the method of placing disabled people in employment in proportion. All social units have newly placed 622 disabled people in employment, and 3,210 disabled people have received vocational education and skills training. For 5256 cataract patients, surgery for sight recovery was performed, and for more than 700 disabled people, rehabilitation and corrective treatment were carried out. 18 districts and counties have generally carried out community rehabilitation services for the disabled.

　　A three-year plan for the renovation of dilapidated houses for special care recipients and poor families in mountainous areas was implemented, and housing was rebuilt and renovated for 290 special care recipients and 354 poor families in mountainous areas throughout the year.

　　Last year, various natural disasters occurred alternately in the suburbs of Beijing. The affected area was 161,000 hectares (2.41 million mu), with 1.618 million people affected and 932,000 people affected. The city allocated 6.8 million yuan for disaster relief, provided rations for 73,000 victims with difficulties in living, provided clothing and bedding for 18,000 people, provided medical services for 1,600 people, and maintained 1,179 houses for 369 victims, thus ensuring the basic livelihood of the victims.

　　The municipal finance allocated a special fund of 20 million yuan for the relocation project of 5000 households and 171000 people in 60 remote towns and villages with dangerous households and poor living conditions. 4,150 households and 13,700 people have been relocated, accounting for 83% and 80% of the plan respectively.

　　More than 1,500 cadres went deep into remote mountainous areas to help the poor, introducing 51.37 million yuan of foreign capital, 434 projects and setting up 275 enterprises. The per capita labor income of farmers in 60 remote mountainous townships exceeded 1,600 yuan, an increase of 123 yuan or 8.3% over the previous year.

　　Five, the "re-employment project" officially launched 1.75 million employees to participate in social pooling of serious illness.

　　The Opinions on the Implementation of Re-employment Project in Beijing was formulated, and the municipal labor department allocated 43.7 million yuan from the unemployment security fund, which diverted nearly 60,000 unemployed and laid-off workers throughout the year. 500 new labor and employment service enterprises were established, and 16,500 unemployed and laid-off workers were placed in labor service enterprises. There are 112 new employment agencies, with a total of 187, which have introduced jobs for 170,000 people. More than 6,000 unemployed and laid-off workers have participated in various employment and job-transfer trainings organized by the labor department, and more than 4,000 of them have returned to their posts after passing the training. The city’s unemployment rate is controlled within 1%.

　　Social co-ordination of medical expenses for serious illness was carried out in 18 districts and counties of the city, with 1.75 million employees and retirees participating, and 34,000 people were reimbursed for serious illness medical expenses of l.63 million yuan.

　　Six, residential completion of 8.565 million square meters can provide new homes for 120 thousand residents.

　　In 1995, the area of newly-built housing was the largest in this city, with a total completed residential area of 8.565 million square meters, including 7.6 million square meters, 800,000 square meters more than the previous year, which can provide new homes for 120,000 residents. The renovation project of dilapidated houses completed an investment of 4.59 billion yuan and 1.197 million square meters. In the whole year, a total of 85 residential areas were rebuilt, of which 15 were newly started, and 3 were completed in Jingtai Dongli, Ming Wan Temple and Beilishi Road. A total of 600,000 square meters of dilapidated houses were demolished, 19,200 residents were relocated, and 20,700 residents were actually resettled, including 7,700 at one time.

　　The task of building 600,000 square meters of housing has been implemented, which can solve the housing difficulties for about 11,000 poor households with a per capita living area of less than 4 square meters.

　　Remarkable results have been achieved in treating common leakage problems of residential houses. According to the detection, the leakage of roof, bathroom and eaves decreased from 8.5%, 24% and 14.7% in 1990 to 1.42%, 0.94% and 0.47% respectively in 1995.

　　Seven, 190 environmental protection facts were completed on schedule, and 72 key industrial pollution projects were treated or relocated.

　　Focusing on the prevention and control of air pollution and the protection of drinking water sources, 10 environmental protection facts determined by the municipal government at the beginning of the year were completed, and 180 environmental protection facts were completed by the district and county governments.

　　72 key industrial pollution sources were treated and relocated within a time limit, exceeding the original plan by 44%. Among them, 22 people, such as calcium carbide furnace in No.2 Chemical Plant, steel-making workshop and auxiliary production facilities in the southern district of Shougang Special Steel Company, have strongly reflected that the factories and workshops with serious pollution have stopped production or moved.

　　With an investment of 80 million yuan, 27 dust control tasks were completed in Shougang Company, Gaojing Power Plant and Yanshan Cement Plant. The newly-built noise standard area is 26.4 square kilometers, and the noise standard area in the whole city reaches 204.78 square kilometers. The coverage rate of urban noise standard has increased from 32% in the previous year to 43.8%.

　　To protect drinking water sources, 10 oil depots and gas stations located in underground water source protection areas were treated and reformed within a time limit. 9400 hectares of water conservation forest were built in the upper reaches of Miyun and Huairou reservoirs, and the small watershed management area was 245.7 square kilometers.

　　The management of tobacco control areas was strengthened, 31 coal thrower boilers were reformed, and 80% of the tea stoves and stoves in the Third Ring Road stopped the loose burning of raw coal, which reduced the smoke emission.

　　Eight, large-scale renovation of the city appearance and environment to build a number of clean and beautiful living quarters.

　　60 model streets and 218 model hutongs have been newly built. Renovate 208 urban-rural fringe areas, clean up a large number of sanitary dead ends, cancel 192 illegal and disorderly stall markets, and ban 110,000 unlicensed vendors. 42,800 units have improved the responsibility book for city appearance and environmental sanitation. This city was awarded the title of "Excellent City" by the Ministry of Construction for the comprehensive improvement of urban environment in 1995.

　　More than 30 million yuan was invested to comprehensively renovate the first batch of 60 residential quarters, which solved the problems of lack of supporting facilities, chaotic management and poor environment, and the living environment of 43 residential quarters was greatly improved.

　　In 487 residential areas with 447,000 residents, the activities of creating civilized residential areas with strengthening community management and improving living environment and living conditions were carried out, accounting for 20.6% of the total number of urban residents in the city. Among them, 73 residential areas were rated as civilized residential areas in the capital, and 241 residential areas were rated as civilized residential areas at the district and county levels.

　　Nine, 30 new closed cleaning stations, the second ring road, the third ring road, the main bridge to achieve mechanical cleaning.

　　30 closed cleaning stations have been newly built, and 585 have been put into use, and the closed garbage collection and transportation rate has reached 70%. In the whole year, 4.7 million tons of garbage were removed, which was the same as the previous year, and the harmless treatment rate of garbage reached 22%.

　　There were 43,100 new households with garbage bags in Shuangqilou District, reaching 598,100. The consolidation rate of garbage bags in institutions and bazaars reached 100%.

　　The establishment of the expressway cleaning service center has realized the mechanical cleaning of the main roads and bridges of the Second Ring Road and the Third Ring Road, ensured the operation safety of sanitation workers and improved the cleaning quality. The mechanized cleaning area of the city reached 10.38 million square meters; The total area of road sweeping and cleaning reached 45 million square meters, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year.

　　100 standard public toilets above Class III were newly built or rebuilt, and 1,050 public toilets above Class III were accumulated (including 230 paid public toilets). Of the 38 public toilets designed and piloted in the Capital Public Toilet Design Competition, 26 have been completed, of which 20 have been put into use.

　　Ten, the urban telephone penetration rate reached 35 per 100 people, and all 60 poor towns and villages in the suburbs opened program-controlled telephones.

　　693,600 networked program-controlled telephone exchanges were opened, and the total capacity of telephone network exchanges in the city reached 3.693 million; Among them, the capacity of telephone exchanges in public networks is 2.375 million, an increase of 1.8586 million in recent five years.

　　The number of local telephones increased by 501,600, equivalent to half of the total number of users in the city in the past 45 years, and the total number of users reached 1.5 million. The number of telephones per 100 people increased from 18.5 in the previous year to 24, of which the number of telephones per 100 people in urban areas increased from 28 to 35.4.

　　6,436 public telephones were added, with a total number of more than 20,000, and the public telephone penetration rate reached 1.9 per 1,000 people.

　　The number of mobile phones actually increased by 84,000, more than double that of the previous year, and the total number exceeded 160,000. The number of fully automatic authorized users in the real growth path was 4.85 million, an increase of 67.5% over the previous year, reaching 1.203 million. Users can call 2094 domestic cities and 218 countries and regions directly at any time.

　　Invested 61.284 million yuan to transform the subscriber line flying line, and completed the transformation task of 2,879 buildings and 195,400 households.

　　Invested 60 million yuan to carry out "telecom poverty alleviation", built 60 telecom projects in remote mountainous towns and villages, laid 9 trunk optical cables for more than 400 kilometers, built or rebuilt 16 bureaus, added 20,000 program-controlled telephones and more than 3,000 users. All 60 remote mountainous towns and villages have opened program-controlled telephones.

　　Eleven, add 112 postal outlets and 656 new residential buildings to realize postal service.

　　81 post offices and 31 postal service points have been newly opened. The total number of postal service outlets reached 575, an increase of 24.2% over the previous year. 50 new service points, such as international parcel, valet clearance and international express delivery point, were added.

　　Postal service for 656 new residential buildings. The direct delivery area of EMS mail was expanded from within the Third Ring Road to within the Fourth Ring Road, and the direct delivery rate reached 100%. 106 new newspapers and periodicals were issued, with a total of 1198, an increase of 10% over the previous year.

　　Invested 18 million yuan to build 30 new branch offices with computerized business windows, double the previous year. All 43 computerized sub-branches have implemented comprehensive desktop service for business receipt and delivery, and users can handle multiple businesses at the same time in one window.

　　The "green card" project of postal savings was officially opened, and 100 outlets realized computer networking and universal deposit and withdrawal.

　　Twelve, the annual urban isolation forest construction exceeded 10,000 mu for the first time, and the per capita public green space area of the city increased again.

　　2.5 million trees were planted in urban greening (including 730,000 climbing plants), an increase of 130,000 over the same period of last year; Planting grass was 1.687 million square meters, an increase of 187,000 square meters; The net increase in green area is 1010 hectares.

　　More than 40 urban isolation forest constructions were completed, covering 902 hectares, exceeding the previous year’s 348 hectares. For the first time, the number of annual forest constructions exceeded 10,000 mu, equivalent to the sum of the Seventh Five-Year Plan period. The urban forest area has reached 1615 hectares.

　　Complete and improve the greening of 30 roads and bridges such as Northwest Third Ring Road and Airport Road, covering nearly 100 kilometers and 71 hectares, and the road greening length has reached 1789 kilometers. Two million plants (pots) of flowers have been planted, and the main roads in the city have initially formed a garden landscape with trees, shrubs and flowers, flowers in three seasons and evergreen in all seasons. Ten parks were built and rebuilt, 76.8 hectares of residential areas were afforested and beautified, and 5.5 hectares were renovated.

　　The total area of urban greening has reached 16,500 hectares, the green coverage rate is 32.4%, there are 120 parks, and the per capita public green space has increased from 6.58 square meters in the previous year to 7.08 square meters.

　　There were 14.392 million trees planted in the plain farmland forest network and surrounding areas, exceeding the plan by 43.9%, an increase of 570,000 trees over the previous year; 13,800 hectares (207,000 mu) of artificial afforestation in barren hills was completed, exceeding the plan by 15%; Complete the cultivation of young and middle-aged forests of 20,000 hectares (300,000 mu); Closing hillsides for afforestation is 13,300 hectares (200,000 mu); There are 820 hectares (12,300 mu) of sand control and afforestation in Kangzhuang and Baihe, which is twice as much as the previous year’s 366 hectares (5,500 mu).

　　Thirteen, open bus lines 15 more than 500 new buses put into operation.

　　Fifteen bus lines were newly opened, and six lines were adjusted and extended. Among them, two lines, trolley bus 410 and branch bus 410, were opened, which facilitated the travel of hundreds of thousands of residents in Huangcun Satellite City and along it. The 393 bus from Taipingzhuang to Erlizhuang Community was opened, which facilitated the travel of dozens of institutions, courtyards, scientific research units, military retired cadres and the general public along the line, and was welcomed by units and the masses along the line.

　　Add and update 508 buses, which is the year with the largest number of new cars in history. The quality and capacity of bus electric vehicles have been greatly improved.

　　There are 54 new metro vehicles. By adding wide-body cars and marshalling cars, the capacity of the first line of the subway has been increased by 15% and 25% respectively, which has alleviated the overload operation to some extent.

　　The total number of public transport passengers reached 4.6 billion. Among them, bus passenger traffic was 3.15 billion, subway passenger traffic was 558 million, and taxi passenger traffic was 591 million, up by 5.3%, 4.3% and 6.5% respectively.

　　1 new long-distance bus station, 7 bus stops, 100 new and updated advertising bus shelters, and 39 new monthly ticket sales points.

　　Fourteen, Beijing West Railway Station was completed and opened, and the Jingtong Expressway was fully connected.

　　Beijing West Railway Station is a modern large-scale railway passenger station jointly built by the Ministry of Railways and our city. It is the passenger station with the largest investment, the largest scale and advanced technology in the history of railway construction in China, with a recent design capacity of receiving and dispatching 60 pairs of passenger trains. After three years of hard work, Beijing West Railway Station officially opened for operation on January 21, 1996, which is of great significance to alleviating the tension of railway passenger transport in North China, improving Beijing’s infrastructure and prospering the capital economy.

　　With an investment of 1.9 billion yuan, the Jingtong Expressway with a total length of 18.6 kilometers was built in just six months, with a road area of 835,000 square meters. Seven overpasses, three river-crossing bridges, eight pedestrian bridges and one pedestrian crossing were built along the way. The completion of Jingtong Expressway connects Airport Expressway, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Expressway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang Expressway and the Third Ring Expressway into a whole through the East Third Ring Road, forming a rapid traffic network, which greatly relieves the traffic congestion in JD.COM, and plays an important role in strengthening the economic exchanges between the capital and Northeast China and promoting the economic and social development of this city.

　　The construction of Muxidi overpass and the reconstruction project of Luodao Zhuang Qiao were completed, and eight pedestrian crossings from Fuwai to Gongzhufen were put into use successively. There are 174 overpasses and 101 pedestrian bridges in the city.

　　In the whole year, 100 kilometers of highways were added, and the total length of highways in the city reached 11,600 kilometers, including 130 kilometers of expressways, and the highway density reached 0.75 kilometers per square kilometer.

　　15. The formal water supply, steam and heat supply of the second phase of the Ninth Water Plant continued to improve.

　　The second phase of the ninth water plant was completed and put into operation, with an increasing water supply capacity of 500,000 tons, which eased the shortage of urban water supply.

　　There are 82,800 new gas users, with a total of 2.187 million. Urban residents cooking gasification rate reached 90%. The newly added central heating area is 1.8 million square meters, reaching 28.548 million square meters.

　　42 tap water pipeline pressure regulating projects were completed, which solved the problem of draft difficulty for 4572 households. The municipal water supply company invested 3.3 million yuan to newly lay 400 mm diameter main pipes for Maizidian in Chaoyang District and Landian Factory in Haidian District, and transformed No.335 water source well, which greatly improved the water supply pressure in the two areas.

　　Investment of nearly 320 million yuan, the implementation of 365 technical transformation projects to eliminate hidden dangers of water, gas and heat supply. Sudden accidents in water, gas and heat supply decreased from 263 in the previous year to 149, a decrease of nearly 43%.

　　Sixteen, the incidence of major infectious diseases continued to decline steadily, and the rural medical and health level reached a new level.

　　All indicators of prevention and health care were completed as scheduled throughout the year, and the incidence of major infectious diseases decreased steadily. The reported incidence of Class A and B infectious diseases decreased by 16.17% over the previous year, including hepatitis by 28.5% and dysentery by 7.85%. The vaccination rate of adolescent hepatitis B vaccine reached 88.39%; Tuberculosis control continues to maintain high quality.

　　The coverage rate of public health supervision and inspection and the number of sampling tests have increased over the previous year. The city has established 19 centralized disinfection stations for tableware in small and medium-sized restaurants. The whole city has basically achieved universal consumption of iodized salt.

　　20 hospitals passed the national baby-friendly hospital evaluation, with a total of 92 hospitals; In addition to children’s hospitals, all general hospitals with more than 10 obstetric beds, specialized obstetric hospitals and maternal and child care hospitals have become baby-friendly hospitals. Eighteen districts and counties have completed the maternal and child health indicators in the mid-term indicators of the Outline of China Children’s Development Plan in the 1990s. Maternal and child health indicators rank among the top in the country.

　　Medical and health conditions in rural areas have been further improved, and 36 health centers have been rebuilt and expanded, with a total area of 46,000 square meters. From 1992 to 1995, there were 165 rural health centers in the city, covering an area of 200,000 square meters, exceeding 50% of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. After the transformation, the rural hospitals are basically equipped with 200-300 mA X-ray machines, ECG, B-ultrasound, first aid, examination, surgery and other equipment. The central hospitals and some general hospitals with strong technical strength have been able to perform total hysterectomy and total gastrectomy. The rural areas of the city completed the Eighth Five-Year Plan of primary health care one year ahead of schedule, and achieved the requirements stipulated in the National Planning Goal of "Health Care for All in China’s Rural Areas by the Year 2000" six years ahead of schedule.

　　With an investment of 5 million yuan, 66 villages and 51,000 people can eat tap water that meets the hygienic standards, and the population penetration rate of drinking tap water in the city reaches 96%. The drinking water conditions of more than 7,000 people in 17 remote mountain villages have been improved, and the popularization rate of water improvement in the city has reached 99.1%. In the whole year, 103,000 latrines were improved in rural areas, with the latrine improvement rate increasing by 9.7% over the previous year.

　　Seventeen, weak foundation schools continue to improve the conditions for running schools, 160,000 square meters of teachers’ housing completed.

　　The annual expenditure on education was 2.31 billion yuan, an increase of 33.66% over the previous year, which is a year with more growth in recent years.

　　Priority was given to the allocation of 14.61 million yuan to implement 10 practical things that the municipal party committee and municipal government did for education in 1995. Among them, 3 million yuan was earmarked to improve the conditions for running schools with weak foundations; Subsidized 3 million yuan to build a boarding school in mountainous areas.

　　A special fund of 40 million yuan was allocated for school construction. Under the grim situation of a net increase of 60,000 middle school students, there was no "two-part system" in the city.

　　From 1993 to 1995, the municipal government subsidized 150 million yuan to build primary and secondary school teachers’ houses in the general education system, and a total of 320,000 square meters of houses were built. Among them, in 1995, the subsidy fund was 51 million yuan, and 160,000 square meters were completed.

　　In 1989, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to allocate special funds to solve the housing difficulties of outstanding teachers. Among them, 5,640 square meters of housing was provided for the teaching staff of the institutions affiliated to the municipal, district and county adult education bureaus, and the subsidy funds were 5.64 million yuan, which was put in place at the end of 1995. In 1994, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to provide 33,000 square meters of housing for the teaching staff of the institutions affiliated to the municipal, district and county adult education bureaus, which required more than 16 million yuan, and 8 million yuan had been put in place by the end of 1995.

　　Eighteen, shooting more than 300 episodes of TV series, millions of people attended the Beijing Book Festival.

　　More than 30 newly created dramas (festivals) were staged, and the municipal art performance groups performed more than 4,000 performances throughout the year. Throughout the year, the municipal radio and television system filmed 344 episodes of 21 TV dramas, and broadcasted more than 400 episodes of 60 TV dramas. A number of works and plays with certain artistic standards, such as Beijing Opera "Holy Heart-Kong Fansen" and Quju "Smoke Pot", were loved by the masses.

　　Around the large-scale cultural and artistic activities of "Love the Motherland and Love Beijing", mass cultural activities such as the Spring Festival Temple Fair, the Farmers’ Art Festival "Country Singer Competition", the 3040-year cultural performance of Beijing Jiancheng, the mass singing activity of "Flowers in May", the ’95 Beijing Summer Cultural Square and the Beijing Art Festival were organized. The number of temple fairs in the Spring Festival has increased to 10 on the basis of the past, and more than 4 million people have participated in various folk spring festival activities. The ’95 Summer Cultural Square in Beijing, which lasted for three months, held 1,091 performances, 1,891 open-air movies, 2,919 open-air dances, 7,003 yangko performances and 201 other recreational activities in the urban area alone. More than 20 million people participated in various cultural activities throughout the year.

　　The third Beijing Book Festival was held, which received 1 million readers in 10 days and sold 2.33 million books.

　　In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War and the 50th anniversary of the victory of China people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the theme of reading activities was determined, and 30 required books and 20 recommended books were recommended to the society.

　　More than 10,000 books have been donated to Huimin School, Tibet Middle School, bright primary school, Yanqing Pearl Township Primary School, Huairou Xinchengzi Township Primary School and Beijing Children’s Library, and incentive funds for reading activities have been established for Beijing Children’s Library, bright primary school and Pearl Township Central Primary School. We implemented the "Ten Thousand Villages Stack Room" project and donated 500 books worth 150,000 yuan to five districts and counties in the suburbs of Beijing.

　　Nineteen, strengthen the management of foreign population Dahongmen area has a new look.

　　1995 was the year in which the city introduced the largest number of measures to manage the floating population. Based on the principle of "scale control, strict management, enhanced service and legal protection", the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on the Management of Foreign Workers and Businessmen in Beijing and more than 10 supporting regulations on household registration, renting houses, working and doing business and family planning management of foreign workers and businessmen in Beijing were promulgated. A total of 1.463 million certificates were issued for foreigners, including 706,000 temporary residence permits, 600,000 employment permits, 27,000 business licenses and 130,000 marriage and childbirth certificates, which provided legal protection for foreigners to work, do business and live in Beijing.

　　We strengthened the rectification and management of 33 migrant areas, seized 6,984 illegal workers and criminals, demolished and stopped renting 21,800 illegal houses and shacks, and rectified 38,000 stalls and places with complicated personnel, thus improving the health and public security environment.

　　In the process of cleaning up and rectifying the Dahongmen area, a total of 9,917 illegal houses and more than 350 commercial sheds were demolished, and more than 18,000 people were removed. In November and December, the illegal and criminal activities in this area decreased by 61.9% year-on-year. The legal operation of more than 20,000 foreign personnel is protected. After renovation, the market in Dahongmen area is prosperous and in good order.

　　Twenty, the "limited support" work was carried out smoothly without a case of dog injury or death.

　　On the basis of fully soliciting the opinions of the general public, on May 1, 1995, the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on Strictly Restricting Dog Raising was officially implemented. A total of 96,500 people (units) in the city have registered dogs, and the number of dogs has dropped from 210,000 before the implementation of the Regulations to 96,000, a decrease of 58%. The number of people bitten by dogs in the city decreased by 41.2%, of which the key restricted areas decreased by 53.28%. Governments at all levels strictly control the number of dogs in accordance with the law, improve the quality of dog immunization, and timely and effectively treat bitten people. There was no incident of dog injury or death throughout the year.

　　In 1995, people’s governments at all levels did a lot of work directly related to people’s lives, but there were still some unsatisfactory things. 1996 is the first year of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Under the guidance of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s building of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory and the Party’s basic line, we should unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core, resolutely implement a series of important instructions of the CPC Central Committee on Beijing’s work and the important speech made by General Secretary Jiang Zemin during his inspection of Beijing, unite as one, make every effort to overcome difficulties, work hard, take greater steps in reform and construction, and strive to do more for the people.

　　Wen, Feng Pengcheng

　　How big is the commercial health insurance space in China?

　　In a joint document issued by 13 ministries and commissions, it is required to realize 2 trillion premiums by 2025.

　　Swiss Re’s research report in 2019 said that China faced a health protection gap of $800 billion.

　　Under the great epidemic in 2020, health insurance was the king of C, especially compared with the growth rate of other types of insurance. In January and February of 2020, health insurance continuously surpassed the market and became the second largest type of insurance in the market, making it the main type of insurance to undertake the insurance gap in 2020.

　　Whether it is the expectation of the highest level, the documents issued by 13 ministries and commissions, the health insurance-related policy dividends continuously issued by the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission, a trillion-dollar health insurance market is roaring. If there are no accidents, this year’s health insurance is likely to exceed one trillion.

　　As the insurance field closest to social governance, the future of health insurance is closely related to the trend of medical reform in the huge industry vision. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the medical reform policies, regulatory measures, industry trends and business characteristics in different periods in combination with the staged characteristics of the current health insurance market.

　　Feng Pengcheng, the author of this paper, has been immersed in this field for more than ten years, thinking: combing the context of 33 policies of China health insurance in the past 38 years in detail, in order to find the experience and enlightenment between commercial health insurance and medical insurance reform.

　　one

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The first step in 38 years: 1982-1997

　　After 15 years, the premium of 1.5 billion critical illness insurance entered China, and the State Council defined the status of health insurance for the first time

　　In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee established the policy of reform and opening up and decided to shift the focus of work to socialist modernization centered on economic construction.

　　In February, 1979, the People’s Bank of China proposed to resume domestic insurance business at the national meeting of branch presidents.

　　In 1982, with the approval of the Shanghai Municipal Government, China People’s Insurance Company (hereinafter referred to as PICC) launched the "Shanghai Cooperative Workers’ Medical Insurance" on a pilot basis, which was officially implemented in January 1983. This is the first commercial health insurance business after China resumed its insurance business.

　　Since then, commercial health insurance in China has been launched. After more than 30 years of development, it can be divided into three stages: initial development, professional exploration and multi-level protection.

　　This is the first stage.

　　Then the old people’s insurance accelerated the health insurance test:

　　In 1985, PICC launched supplementary medical insurance and maternal and child health insurance in some areas, and the premium income in that year was 11.78 million yuan, accounting for 3% of the personal insurance business.

　　In January, 1987, PICC Shanghai Branch cooperated with the Municipal Health Bureau to launch the "Shanghai Suburban Farmers’ Medical Insurance".

　　In May, 1988, according to the Regulations on Labor Management of Joint Ventures in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Regulations on Labor and Personnel Management of Sino-foreign Joint Ventures in Shanghai, the welfare protection for the employees of the joint venture China was carried out, including outpatient and inpatient medical treatment.

　　In 1990, in line with the family planning policy, PICC launched a series of products such as induced abortion health insurance, birth control insurance and maternal and child health insurance.

　　In October 1991, PICC began to provide medical insurance for primary and secondary school students and kindergarten children. By the end of that year, nearly 2 million primary and secondary school students and children were insured.

　　In 1992, more than 70 kinds of medical insurance products were sold nationwide, with a premium income of 310 million yuan.

　　In the 1990s, the health insurance with safe entry at the beginning of its establishment;

　　In 1993, Ping An launched 24 group medical insurance products;

　　In 1994, five personal medical insurance products were introduced;

　　In 1996, the Ministry of Medical Insurance was first established in China (later renamed as the Ministry of Health Insurance);

　　In 1997, the hospitalization peace of mind insurance with low premium, high degree of protection and simple claim settlement procedures was introduced. Because it was widely welcomed by the market, the premium in 2000 exceeded 300 million yuan.

　　After entering the 21st century, there are life insurance companies that make efforts in the field of health insurance:

　　In 2000, Taikang Life Insurance established the Health Insurance Department, and launched three medical insurance products of "Century Taikang Series" that year. Among them, "Century Taikang Personal Hospitalization Medical Insurance" promises to renew the insurance for the first time in China. The basic responsibilities are general hospitalization insurance and hospitalization insurance for major diseases. Optional responsibilities include "organ transplant insurance (heart, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney and bone marrow transplantation)" and "non-organ transplant surgery insurance".

　　Looking at the development of health insurance in this period, the emergence of critical illness insurance is a great innovation.

　　In 1995, China was introduced to critical illness insurance, initially as an additional insurance for life insurance products, which generally covered seven major diseases (malignant tumor, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, uremia, paralysis and major organ transplantation). In 1996, a main insurance product was introduced to guarantee lifelong liability.

　　Summarizing the main characteristics of commercial health insurance in this period, there are four aspects:

　　The first feature: from the perspective of medical insurance reform, the top management expects to meet the medical needs beyond the basic medical security stipulated by the state.

　　In 1994, the State Council initiated the pilot reform of "Two Rivers" for urban workers. In 1996, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Notice of the State Commission for Restructuring the Economy and other four ministries and commissions on the opinions of expanding the pilot reform of the medical security system for employees, and put forward that "mutual medical insurance and commercial medical insurance for employees should be developed as a supplement to social medical insurance to meet the medical needs beyond the basic medical security stipulated by the state".

　　The second feature: from the perspective of market demand, residents’ insurance awareness and income level are low.

　　In 1997, the per capita GDP was 6,457 yuan. At that time, the medical system of public expense and labor insurance was implemented in urban areas, and the burden of medical expenses was generally low. In rural areas, the rural cooperative medical system still plays a certain role, and residents’ insurance awareness and income level are low.

　　The third feature: from the perspective of industry supply, the number of competitors in the insurance market has increased, and the pattern of PICC monopolizing the market no longer exists.

　　Ping An Life Insurance Company of China and Pacific Life Insurance developed rapidly, and Taikang Life Insurance and Xinhua Life Insurance were established one after another. However, generally speaking, the insurance market was in its infancy and its strength was weak. The business was mainly property insurance, and health insurance was not operated as the main business segment, so the effective supply capacity of commercial health insurance was limited.

　　The fourth feature: from the perspective of selling products, the actuarial pricing ability is poor, and the risk management and control ability is limited. Generally, they are sold as additional insurance, mostly medical insurance products, with relatively simple responsibilities and low level of protection.

　　Take critical illness insurance products introduced at this stage as an example. At the initial stage of sales, all insurance companies are cautious, with low underwriting amount and strict underwriting policy.

　　However, critical illness insurance’s unique coverage content was quickly recognized by the market, and various insurance companies also upgraded their products in an all-round way, expanded the scope of diseases, changed additional insurance into main insurance, and extended regular coverage to life.

　　With the promotion of personal marketing model, products have developed rapidly and sales have soared. In 1997, the premium income of national commercial health insurance was 1.5 billion yuan.

　　2

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The second step in 38 years: 1998-2008

　　After ten years of professional exploration, the premium was 50 billion yuan. At that time, the Prime Minister even instructed that a professional health insurance company was born.

　　The main line of medical insurance reform at this stage is: the state has established a basic medical insurance system in an all-round way, and commercial health insurance has accelerated the specialization process.

　　In December, 1998, the State Council’s Decision on Establishing the Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees was issued, and a new basic medical insurance system for urban employees was established, which indicated that the medical insurance system of free labor insurance implemented in China for more than 40 years was replaced by the new social medical insurance system.

　　In 2003 and 2007, the state established the new rural cooperative medical system for rural residents and the basic medical insurance system for urban residents for non-employed residents.

　　At the same time, rural medical assistance and urban medical assistance systems were established in 2003 and 2005 respectively. So far, China has established a basic medical insurance and medical assistance system covering urban and rural areas.

　　Basic medical insurance and medical assistance policies

　　The number of employees participating in medical insurance increased from 19 million in 1998 to 200 million in 2008, the number of participants in the new rural cooperative medical system exceeded 800 million, and the number of urban residents participating in medical insurance exceeded 100 million.

　　By 2008, the total number of people participating in the three basic medical insurance systems in China reached 1.133 billion, and the participation rate of basic medical insurance reached 85% that year.

　　Participation in basic medical insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The characteristics of health insurance at this stage can be summarized into six characteristics:

　　The first feature: at the policy level, it encourages the vigorous development of commercial health insurance and provides preferential tax support for enterprises to purchase supplementary medical insurance.

　　The overall design of basic medical insurance for urban workers is "basic and low-level", and the deductible line (10% of the average annual salary of local workers last year), the capping line (4 times of the average annual salary of local workers last year) and the reimbursement ratio (generally about 80%) are set, so individuals have a certain medical burden.

　　"the State Council’s decision on establishing the basic medical insurance system for urban workers" puts forward:

　　Medical expenses exceeding the maximum payment limit can be solved through commercial medical insurance and other means. Supplementary medical insurance for enterprises is allowed. The part of enterprise supplementary medical insurance premiums within 4% of the total wages shall be paid from the employee welfare funds, and the part of the welfare funds that is insufficient shall be included in the cost after being approved by the financial department at the same level.

　　This is the first supplementary positioning of commercial health insurance at the national policy level, and provides tax preferential policy support.

　　In 2003, the Ministry of Finance’s Notice on Financial Handling of Enterprises Purchasing Insurance for Employees clearly stated that "enterprises participating in basic medical insurance should establish supplementary medical insurance for their employees, and the part of the required expenses within 4% of the total wages should be paid from the welfare funds payable, and the insufficient part of the welfare funds should be directly included in the cost (expense) as labor insurance premiums".

　　Wen Jiabao, then Prime Minister of the State Council, made important instructions on commercial health insurance twice in 2002:

　　The gradual development of commercial health insurance and the combination of commercial medical insurance are not only conducive to meeting the medical needs of the broad masses, but also to developing the economy and stabilizing society.

　　According to the instructions of the leaders of the State Council, the insurance industry stepped up the research on commercial health insurance, boldly innovated and tried, and accumulated experience in practice.

　　In 2006, the State Council’s Opinions on the Reform and Development of the Insurance Industry clarified the position of commercial insurance in the social security system and pointed out the direction for the development of commercial health insurance;

　　First, vigorously develop commercial health insurance. It is proposed to "vigorously develop personal insurance services such as commercial endowment insurance and health insurance to meet the insurance protection needs of urban and rural people".

　　The second is to encourage investment in the health industry. It is proposed to "vigorously promote the development of health insurance and support relevant insurance institutions to invest in medical institutions".

　　The third is to support participation in the new rural cooperative medical system. Put forward "actively explore effective ways for insurance institutions to participate in the management of the new rural cooperative medical system and promote the healthy development of the new rural cooperative medical system".

　　The second feature: supervision encourages professional development, introduces special management methods and statistical systems, and strengthens industry participation in the supervision of basic handling and entrusted management of health insurance.

　　① Advocating professional development.

　　In 2001, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission vigorously promoted the professional management concept of health insurance, organized industry forces, completed the research on the topic of "Commercial Medical Insurance in China", and published the first monograph on commercial health insurance in China, clearly stating that the development of commercial health insurance must take the road of professional development.

　　In 2002, the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Health Insurance" was issued, proposing to establish a health insurance development model suitable for China’s national conditions and strengthen the professional operation and management of health insurance. This is the first special document on health insurance after the establishment of the former CIRC.

　　In the same year, the first "Commercial Health Insurance Development Forum" was held to publicize the professional management concept and expand the industry influence of health insurance.

　　In 2004, the construction of health insurance professional institutions was started, and five health insurance companies were approved for preparation (after Zhenghua Health, it was renamed Zhongrong Life Insurance).

　　(2) support to participate in the basic medical insurance.

　　In 2005 and 2008, respectively, the Guiding Opinions on Improving the Insurance Industry’s Participation in the Pilot Work of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Insurance Industry’s Participation in the Management of Basic Medical Security were issued, proposing that:

　　The insurance industry participates in the relevant requirements of the new rural cooperative medical system and basic medical insurance, adopts the mode of entrusted management, gives play to the advantages of professional management and standardized service, and continuously enhances service efficiency;

　　Actively develop supplementary insurance products that are connected with basic medical security projects, and improve the degree and level of protection for the insured persons of basic medical security.

　　③ Strengthen unified supervision and statistics of business.

　　In 2006, the Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance was promulgated, which is the first professional regulation of health insurance in China. This method unifies the regulatory rules of business entities and clarifies the regulatory requirements of health insurance in business management, product management and sales management.

　　In 2008, the Statistical System of Health Insurance was promulgated to standardize the classification of health insurance and related businesses and unify the statistical caliber.

　　④ Standardize the entrusted management of health insurance.

　　In 2008, the Notice on Matters Related to Entrusted Management of Health Insurance was issued, encouraging insurance companies to accept the entrustment of corporate clients such as government departments, enterprises and institutions, and provide management services such as scheme design, consultation and suggestions, entrusted fund management, medical service investigation, medical expenses audit, reimbursement and payment of medical expenses, sign entrusted management contracts, collect management fees, and not bear the losses and surpluses of entrusted funds.

　　Relevant health insurance policy documents of the former CIRC from 1998 to 2008

　　The third feature: the health insurance market has been greatly expanded, and supervision has introduced more subjects to return to protection.

　　① Property insurance companies enter the field of short-term health insurance.

　　Since 2003, according to the revised Insurance Law, property insurance companies can operate short-term health insurance business with approval, and the market welcomes more participants.

　　By 2008, there were 65 insurance companies engaged in health insurance business (including 46 life insurance companies, 4 professional health insurance companies and 15 property insurance companies).

　　② The first batch of professional health insurance companies achieved initial development.

　　After 2005, PICC Health, Safe Health, Harmonious Health (formerly Ruifu Health) and Kunlun Health were established successively. In 2008, the premiums of the four health insurance companies were 14.07 billion yuan, accounting for 24% of the industry health insurance premiums in that year.

　　Development of professional health insurance companies

　　③ The health insurance can not be designed as dividend insurance because of its return guarantee function.

　　In 2003, the Actuarial Regulations of Individual Dividend Insurance stipulated that health insurance products should not take the form of dividends, which made commercial health insurance products focus on risk protection.

　　For the suspension of dividend-paying health insurance, the regulatory authorities give four reasons:

　　Health insurance is risky and complicated to manage, and it is more difficult to manage the dividend factor, which is not conducive to corporate risk control.

　　The main function of health insurance is protection, but the value-added function is not strong. Consumers should pay attention to its protection function when purchasing health insurance.

　　The suspension of dividend health insurance and the development of non-dividend health insurance are conducive to promoting the return of health insurance to the original intention of protection.

　　There is no dividend health insurance abroad, and foreign-funded companies have not offered dividend health insurance.

　　④ Formulate a unified definition of major diseases in the industry.

　　In 2006, the insurance industry association cooperated with the Chinese Medical Doctor Association to develop the definition of serious illness.

　　In April, 2007, the Standard for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance was issued, which unified and standardized the expressions of the 25 most common diseases, and required that the products with serious diseases sold after August 1, 2007 must use a unified definition of serious diseases.

　　From the experience of countries all over the world, among many diseases guaranteed by critical illness products, there are 3-6 diseases with the highest incidence and claim settlement rate, and these diseases have the greatest impact on the price of critical illness products.

　　In order to give full play to the protection function and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the Standard for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance stipulates that six core diseases (including malignant tumor, acute myocardial infarction, sequela of stroke, major organ transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, coronary artery bypass grafting and end-stage renal disease) must be protected for products with severe diseases in adult stage.

　　The fourth feature: the premium is 50 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 36%, and the proportion of health insurance has doubled.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance has developed rapidly. After the premium exceeded 10 billion in 2001, it exceeded 50 billion yuan in 2008. By the end of 2008, the industry had accumulated 1.13 billion person-times, providing 5.26 billion yuan of health risk protection.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance increased from 2.8 billion yuan in 1998 to 58.55 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 35.5%, which was higher than the growth of GDP and the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 25.8%.

　　The payment of commercial health insurance increased from 1.1 billion yuan in 1999 to 17.53 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 36%, which was higher than the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 23.6%.

　　Premium and growth of commercial health insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in personal insurance doubled from 3.7% in 1998 to 7.9% in 2008.

　　Changes in the proportion of commercial health insurance in personal insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The fifth feature: health insurance is deeply involved in social governance, and medical insurance management is integrated into the medical insurance system.

　　Since 2001, the insurance industry has taken advantage of its actuarial technology, risk management, claims technology and service network to participate in the new rural cooperative medical system and urban residents in Jiangyin, Jiangsu and Xinxiang, Henan in a socialized way.

　　By 2008, insurance companies such as China Life Insurance and Pacific Life Insurance had participated in the basic medical insurance in 142 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu, Henan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces, serving 34 million people and managing 2.62 billion yuan.

　　The "Jiangyin Model" in the Pacific Ocean and the "Luoyang Model" in China Life have been approved by state leaders and praised by all sectors of society. In addition, the insurance industry has carried out pilot projects of supplementary medical insurance in Xiamen and other places, and provided a large amount of supplementary protection for employees on the basis of basic medical insurance for urban employees.

　　A major feature of this stage: commercial insurance companies handle basic medical insurance, creating an operating mechanism that separates collection, management and supervision.

　　First, it is conducive to the establishment of incentive and restraint mechanisms and supervision and restraint mechanisms. By introducing commercial insurance companies to handle basic medical insurance, the separation of management and management is formed, so that government departments, insurance companies and designated medical institutions can perform their respective duties, which is conducive to establishing effective incentive and restraint mechanisms and inter-agency supervision and restraint mechanisms, and promoting the improvement of medical security operation mechanisms.

　　Second, it is conducive to the realization of the "benefit without cost" handling effect. By purchasing services, the government has reduced the pressure of setting up institutions and personnel, and changed "supporting people to do things" into "doing things without supporting people". At the same time, insurance companies strengthen the supervision of medical behavior and the control of medical expenses, and enlarge the efficiency of fund use. In the long run, by introducing competitive employment mechanism and moderate competition, the total government expenditure can be reduced and the effect of "benefiting without cost" can be achieved.

　　Third, it is conducive to improving service quality and giving play to actuarial advantages. Insurance companies give full play to the advantages of service level and quality, which is conducive to improving people’s satisfaction and government image. At the same time, give full play to the advantages of actuarial technology and assist the government to improve the basic medical insurance compensation and adjustment plan.

　　At this stage, with the comprehensive establishment of the basic medical insurance system and the growth of residents’ income, the total health expenditure has increased rapidly, from 367.87 billion yuan in 1998 to 1,453.54 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 14.7%.

　　With the rapid development of commercial health insurance, the proportion of total health expenditure increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 4% in 2008. The proportion of commercial health insurance payment expenditure to personal health expenditure increased from 0.49% to 3%.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance in total health expenditure from 1998 to 2008

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance payment to personal expense burden from 1998 to 2008

　　The sixth feature: the diversification trend of health insurance product types is obvious.

　　After 2000, disability income loss insurance and nursing insurance products came out one after another, and the types of health insurance products were diversified.

　　For example, in terms of medical insurance, the industry has launched high-end medical insurance to ensure globalization, which has the characteristics of comprehensive protection (not limited to directories and hospitals), high protection (generally more than one million) and excellent service (24-hour hotline service and global emergency rescue, etc.).

　　In critical illness insurance, the industry has launched anti-cancer special insurance.

　　In terms of disability income loss insurance, in November 2008, PICC Health launched "Jinfuli" group disability income loss insurance to protect the income loss of people disabled by diseases and accidental injuries in enterprises and institutions, so that they can maintain their living standards after disability.

　　In terms of long-term care insurance, in 2005, Cathay Life launched "Kangning Long-term Care Health Insurance", which is aimed at young and middle-aged people aged 18-55. By purchasing this product, the insured can prepare nursing care for the elderly when they are financially well-off and healthy.

　　three

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The third step in 38 years: 2009-2019

　　The new medical reform is superimposed on the new technology, and the health insurance has embarked on the fast lane for ten years, and the premium has reached one trillion, which has finally become the most important growth pole.

　　With the help of new medical reform and new technology, health insurance at this stage has entered a stage of rapid development.

　　In 2009, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System" was issued, which started the curtain of medical reform in China, and the policy dividend was released continuously. The development of commercial health insurance entered the fast lane and gradually became an important part of the medical security system.

　　For example, health insurance has become one of the "new forces" in medical reform by fully participating in major illness insurance, health insurance tax preference, long-term care insurance and basic medical insurance handling. The development of commercial health insurance at this stage presents seven characteristics.

　　The first major feature: at the level of national policy support, commercial health insurance is positioned as the "new force" of medical reform.

　　Since the new medical reform in 2009, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to the role of commercial health insurance in the multi-level security system, intensively issued a number of important documents to promote commercial health insurance, and clearly planned the positioning and development of commercial health insurance in a number of heavy documents.

　　"Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Medical and Health System" was promulgated and put forward:

　　Accelerate the establishment and improvement of a multi-level medical security system covering urban and rural residents, with basic medical security as the main body and other forms of supplementary medical insurance and commercial health insurance as supplements.

　　In 2013, the State Council’s Opinions on Promoting the Development of Health Service Industry planned commercial health insurance as the core area of health service industry.

　　In 2014, "Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Modern Insurance Service Industry" positioned commercial health insurance as an important pillar of social security system, the main undertaker of individual and family business security plans, the important provider of health security plans initiated by enterprises and institutions, and the main participant in the market-oriented operation of social insurance.

　　In 2004, "Several Opinions of General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Commercial Health Insurance" positioned commercial health insurance as a "new force" in deepening the reform of medical and health system, developing health service industry and promoting economic upgrading and efficiency upgrading.

　　In 2016, the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline proposed to improve the multi-level medical security system with basic medical security as the main body and other forms of supplementary insurance and commercial health insurance as supplements.

　　The introduction of the above policies has provided important support for promoting the development of commercial health insurance and promoting the integration of commercial health insurance and basic medical insurance.

　　Sorting out the Important Policy Documents in 2009-2019

　　The second major feature: at the regulatory level, the newly revised Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance was issued, and it was positioned as an important part of the multi-level medical security system and an important field for the industry to serve people’s livelihood.

　　In order to further promote and standardize the development of health insurance, in December 2019, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the newly revised Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance. The main revisions and innovations are as follows:

　　First, health insurance is positioned as an important part of the national multi-level medical security system.

　　Second, on the surname "Bao" of health insurance, we insist on the guarantee attribute of health insurance, emphasizing that the purpose of developing health insurance is to improve the people’s health protection level, clarify the product characteristics and requirements of various health insurance products, and incorporate medical accident insurance into the scope of health insurance.

　　Third, in the health insurance surname "Jian", support the combination of health insurance and health management, provide services such as disease prevention and chronic disease management, reduce health risks and reduce disease losses.

　　Fourth, in the era of promoting industrial development and adapting to the times, health insurance products are encouraged to provide protection for new medical methods, new drugs and new devices, support medical progress and promote the development of health industry. Comply with the characteristics of the Internet era, and support the convenience of health insurance contract performance through digital technology and other means.

　　Fifth, in supporting the long-term medical insurance, it is clear that the long-term medical insurance can adjust the rate to cope with the rising medical expenses caused by the change of disease spectrum and the progress of medical technology, and support the development of the health insurance product structure in the long-term direction.

　　In order to standardize the development and sales of long-term medical insurance products with adjustable rates and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, the General Office of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Notice on Issues Concerning the Adjustment of Long-term Medical Insurance Products’ Rates on March 25th.

　　In addition, in 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Experience Incidence Table of Major Diseases in China Life Insurance Industry (2006-2010), including two tables of experience incidence of 6 diseases (male tables, female tables) and two tables of experience incidence of 25 diseases (male tables, female tables).

　　This table of incidence of serious diseases, which is used for product pricing and liability reserve evaluation, has played an important role in promoting the rapid development of critical illness insurance in recent years.

　　The third major feature: promoting the full coverage of major illness insurance for urban and rural residents and achieving strict supervision.

　　In August 2012, six ministries and commissions, including the National Development and Reform Commission and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission, jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Carrying out Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents, implemented the serious illness insurance system, and made it clear that serious illness insurance is an extension of basic medical insurance, an institutional arrangement to further protect the high medical expenses incurred by seriously ill patients on the basis of basic medical insurance, and adopted the way of purchasing serious illness insurance from commercial insurance institutions.

　　On July 22nd, 2015, the State Council Conference decided to fully implement the serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China put forward:

　　Using part of social security funds to buy commercial insurance and enlarge the multiple advantage is a new path with characteristics and effectiveness that we have explored in medical reform.

　　The combination of social security and commercial insurance is a major innovation to continuously deepen medical reform.

　　Since 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission has successively issued the following documents: Rules for Compiling Solvency Reports of Insurance Companies-Answers No.14: Minimum Capital for Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents; Interim Measures for the Management of Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents of Insurance Companies; Notice on Exempting Insurance Companies from Supervision Fees for Operating Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents; Statistical System for Serious Illness Insurance, etc., to strictly supervise insurance companies’ serious illness insurance business, while reducing solvency requirements and exempting supervision fees. In addition, the former CIRC also instructed the insurance industry association to issue the "model clauses of medical insurance for serious illness groups of urban and rural residents (types A and B)".

　　In October 2016, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued five systems, including the Interim Measures for the Bidding Management of Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents of Insurance Companies, which put forward more clear and detailed requirements for insurance companies to participate in the bidding management, service standards, financial accounting, risk adjustment and market withdrawal of serious illness insurance, and promoted the comprehensive promotion of the serious illness insurance system to standardization and perfection.

　　Regulatory requirements of the former CIRC on major illness insurance for urban and rural residents

　　In March 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission announced the list of major illness insurance business qualifications, and a total of 34 insurance companies obtained business qualifications (17 personal insurance companies and 17 property insurance companies).

　　In February, 2019, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission adjusted the list of business qualifications for serious illness insurance according to the relevant regulations and the situation since the business was launched. There were 17 life insurance companies and 15 property insurance companies operating serious illness insurance. Five companies (Taikang Pension, Soochow Life Insurance, Auspicious Life Insurance, Lian Life Insurance and Guoyuan Agriculture) have newly entered the list, and another seven companies have been adjusted (mainly because they have not carried out serious illness insurance business after obtaining qualifications).

　　Through the serious illness insurance system, the actual reimbursement rate of seriously ill patients is increased by 10%-15% on the basis of basic medical insurance, which greatly alleviates the problem that urban and rural residents become poor and return to poverty due to illness. By the end of 2019, a total of 18 insurance companies had undertaken business, covering 1.16 billion people, and the premium scale exceeded 70 billion yuan.

　　The fourth feature: the introduction of tax-excellent health insurance system.

　　On May 6, 2015, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to give personal income tax preference to commercial health insurance on a pilot basis, and use more resources to better protect people’s livelihood.

　　Later, the Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission and other ministries and commissions issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Personal Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance and the Notice on Implementing the Pilot Work of Personal Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance, and determined the beneficiary groups, preferential standards, pilot areas, demonstration clauses and other matters.

　　The former CIRC issued the Interim Measures for the Management of Personal Tax Preferential Health Insurance Business, which clarified the requirements of insurance companies in terms of business qualifications, products, business, finance, system and information disclosure.

　　In January 2016, the former General Office of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Notice on Issues Related to Personal Tax Preferential Health Insurance Business and the Notice on the Official Launch of Commercial Health Insurance Information Platform, which clearly defined the issues related to personal tax preferential health insurance, put forward requirements for product approval, tax preferential identification code, business promotion, business supervision, online content of commercial health insurance information platform, online docking process with health insurance platform and communication mechanism, and officially started the pilot work of tax preferential health insurance.

　　Relevant ministries and commissions have implemented a number of documents on tax-preferential health insurance.

　　Since February 2016, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC) has published a list of six batches of 30 insurance companies that have obtained tax-excellent health insurance qualifications. Insurance companies that have obtained business qualifications actively develop exclusive products and promote the pilot implementation of tax-excellent health insurance policies.

　　On April 19th, 2017, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to extend the tax-preferential health insurance policy from 31 pilot cities to the whole country from July 1st, 2017. On April 28th, 2017, the Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Individual Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance, which extended the tax-preferential health insurance policy to the whole country.

　　By the end of 2019, there were 420,000 tax-excellent health insurance policies in effect, with a cumulative premium of 1.57 billion. Among them, in 2019, there were 342,601 effective policies (101,304 new effective policies), and the paid-in premium was 577 million yuan (304 million new effective policy premiums).

　　The fifth feature: the integration of "great health" continues to advance.

　　In-depth cooperation of "health insurance" and "health service": insurance companies further strengthen cooperation with medical, physical examination and nursing institutions;

　　On the one hand, it provides health risk assessment, physical examination, health consultation and other services for the insured in health products;

　　On the other hand, by exerting the control power of the payer, strengthening the supervision of medical behavior and controlling medical expenses, and promoting the standardization of medical service behavior.

　　Capital investment of "insurance fund" and "health industry": By investing in the health industry, insurance companies can build a "big health" industrial chain, service chain and ecological circle covering health insurance, health services, medical care and old-age communities, effectively extending the space for health insurance protection, service and investment, which can not only promote the development of main business, deepen service connotation, strengthen risk management and control, but also extend the investment chain, form diversified profits and enhance competitive advantage.

　　"Great health" has become an important strategic choice for major insurance companies to establish and consolidate their competitive advantages.

　　For example, Taikang Group built a "big health industry ecosystem".

　　China Life established the Big Health Industry Fund and started to build a healthy layout of "insurance+medical care";

　　Ping An Group focuses on the two strategies of "big financial assets" and "big medical health".

　　Reverse cross-border aspects of "health industry" and "health insurance": health service giants have started the extensive layout of medical health industry, such as Fosun Group’s cross-border entry into the health insurance market and obtaining the license of professional health insurance company; Companies such as Mei Nianda Health are also actively applying for health insurance company licenses.

　　Through the layout of commercial health insurance, it interacts with medical insurance fee control, chronic disease management and disease prevention, which may lead to a new business model.

　　The sixth feature: critical illness insurance and millions of medical insurance have become popular types of insurance.

　　(1) critical illness insurance continues to enrich.

　　For insurance companies, critical illness insurance has high new business value, is easy for sales staff to sell, and the average premium is appropriate, which is easy for customers to accept, and has become the main sales product of the industry security category.

　　During this period, the number of critical illness insurance products of various insurance companies generally follows the practice of "the more the better" (the incidence of 25 standard critical illnesses exceeds 95%), and the proportion of products with 70-100 types of critical illness has increased significantly.

　　At the same time, companies have launched multiple (the insured diseases are divided into several groups, and each group of diseases can be paid once) and multiple (the insured diseases can be paid multiple times without grouping) products.

　　In addition to severe cases, the responsibilities of mild and moderate diseases are introduced. On March 31st, 2020, the insurance industry association solicited opinions from the industry on the Revised Code for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance (Draft for Comment), introduced the definition of mild diseases for the first time, improved and expanded the original definition of 25 severe diseases to 28 severe diseases and 3 mild diseases, and appropriately expanded the coverage.

　　② Million medical insurance has become a product of online celebrity.

　　Millions of medical insurance is a major innovation in the commercial health insurance market in recent years. By setting a higher out-of-pocket amount (generally 10,000 yuan), expanding leverage and increasing the amount of protection, the shortcomings of high medical expenses in the medical security system are made up.

　　This product provides a higher insurance coverage at a lower premium, which is of great significance to meet the people’s medical security needs and improve the market structure of health insurance products.

　　Millions of medical insurance products have simple design and clear product responsibilities, and are mainly sold through the Internet platform, which conforms to the consumption habits in the Internet era, which is one of the reasons for its rapid development.

　　In 2018, the premium scale reached 17 billion yuan, and it is expected to reach about 30 billion yuan in 2019.

　　The seventh feature: health insurance has become an important growth pole and business sector in the insurance industry, accounting for a significant increase in the total health expenditure and personal health expenditure.

　　In recent years, the premium of commercial health insurance has developed rapidly. After the premium exceeded 100 billion yuan in 2013, it exceeded 200 billion yuan, 400 billion yuan and 500 billion yuan in 2015, 2016 and 2018.

　　By the end of 2019, the industry health insurance premium exceeded 700 billion yuan.

　　It took 12 years (from 2002 to 2013) and 2 years (from 2013 to 2015) for the health insurance premium of the insurance industry to reach 100 billion yuan. At present, the annual net growth is hundreds of billions of yuan.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance increased rapidly from 57.4 billion yuan in 2009 to 706.6 billion yuan in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 28.5%, much higher than the growth of GDP and the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 13.9%.

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums to personal insurance increased from 6.9% in 2009 to 23.2% in 2019 (see Table 12), and the proportion increased significantly.

　　At the same time, the density and depth of commercial health insurance have been significantly improved, from 43 yuan per person and 0.16% in 2009 to 504.7 yuan and 0.71% in 2019.

　　The compensation amount of commercial health insurance increased from 21.7 billion yuan in 2009 to 235.1 billion yuan in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 26.9%, which was 15.2% higher than that of personal insurance. The proportion of commercial health insurance claims to personal insurance has also increased from 14% to 36.8% (see Table 14).

　　Regardless of the proportion of business or compensation, commercial health insurance has become an important growth pole and business segment of personal insurance.

　　The growth of commercial health insurance and the proportion of personal insurance in 2009-2019

　　Density and depth of commercial health insurance in 2009-2019

　　Payment of commercial health insurance and proportion of life insurance in 2009-2019

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in total health expenditure increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 9.4% (see Table 15). The proportion of commercial health insurance claims to personal health expenditure increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 10.3% (see Table 16). The value of commercial health insurance in the financing and payment of total health expenditure has been strengthened year by year.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance premium to total health expenditure in 2009-2019

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance payment to personal health expenditure in 2009-2019

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in basic medical insurance (including urban workers, urban and rural residents and the new rural cooperative medical system) fund income increased from 12.4% in 2009 to 30.3% (see Table 17). The proportion of commercial health insurance claims in the basic medical insurance fund expenditure increased from 5.8% in 2009 to 11.8% (see Table 16). By the end of 2019, through the development of critical illness insurance and other businesses, the insurance industry has accumulated more than 1.1 trillion yuan of long-term health insurance risk reserve for the insured.

　　Commercial health insurance accounted for the proportion of basic medical insurance in 2009-2019.

　　four

　　-Insurance Today-

　　Based on the current trillion-dollar period, this paper analyzes the five characteristics of health insurance business in 2019.

　　In 2019, China’s health insurance premium income was 706.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 29.7%, accounting for 23.2% of the personal insurance business, an increase of 3.2 percentage points over the previous year. The following is a multi-dimensional analysis of the data related to health insurance business in 2019, and summarizes five characteristics.

　　The first feature: the scale of health insurance premium is expected to reach one trillion yuan in 2021, exceeding the scale of auto insurance, and it will keep pace with property insurance in 2025.

　　According to the current premium growth rate, it is estimated that the scale will reach one trillion yuan in 2021.

　　In the past five years, the average annual growth rates of health insurance, auto insurance and property insurance were 30.8%, 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. According to this rate, health insurance premiums are expected to exceed auto insurance in 2020 (at the latest in 2021).

　　Meanwhile, from 2015 to 2019, the ratio of commercial health insurance to property insurance increased from 30.2% to 60.7%. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and other 13 ministries and commissions’ Opinions on Promoting the Development of Commercial Insurance in the Social Service Field put forward that commercial health insurance will exceed 2 trillion yuan by 2025, and the average annual growth rate will be maintained at 19% in the next six years.

　　It is expected that the business scale of commercial health insurance and property insurance will basically keep pace.

　　The growth of commercial health insurance, auto insurance and property insurance in recent five years

　　In fact, in the first two months of 2020, health insurance premiums have surpassed auto insurance premiums, and the leading edge has reached 30 billion yuan.

　　The second feature: health insurance premiums of personal insurance companies account for nearly 90% (among which professional health insurance companies account for about 5%). In recent years, property insurance companies have grown faster, and the introduction of long-term medical insurance may change the trend.

　　In 2019, in the commercial health insurance business, the premiums of life insurance companies were 622.57 billion yuan, accounting for 88.1%; The premium of property insurance companies was 84.03 billion yuan, accounting for 11.9%.

　　In recent years, large property insurance companies (such as PICC P&C) have vigorously developed government medical insurance business, while Internet property insurance companies such as Zhongan and Taikang Online have vigorously developed millions of medical insurance, which has greatly promoted the development of short-term health insurance business.

　　In the past three years, the premium growth of health insurance business of property insurance companies has exceeded that of life insurance companies, which has promoted its proportion to increase continuously (the market share has increased by 4.4 percentage points in the past decade).

　　Because property insurance companies can only operate short-term health insurance business, but not long-term health insurance business, especially the regulatory authorities support the long-term health insurance. With the introduction of long-term medical insurance products by personal insurance companies based on the Notice on Issues Related to the Adjustment of Long-term Medical Insurance Product Rates, it is expected that some million medical treatments will be converted into long-term medical insurance products, which will have a long-term impact on the development of health insurance business of property insurance companies.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance premiums of personal insurance companies and property insurance companies

　　In 2019, the total premiums of seven professional health insurance companies (PICC Health, Ping An Health, Harmony Health, Kunlun Health, Taibao Allianz Health, Fosun United Health and Ruihua Health) were 34.37 billion yuan, accounting for 5.5% of the health insurance premium income of life insurance companies and 4.9% of the industry health insurance premium.

　　Among them, PICC health premium income was 22.42 billion yuan, accounting for 65.2% of health insurance companies.

　　The third feature: Long-term health insurance continues to grow rapidly, and the premium exceeds 400 billion yuan; Short-term health insurance has maintained rapid growth, with premiums exceeding 200 billion yuan.

　　In 2019, the long-term health insurance premium income was 467.85 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 26.6%, accounting for 66.2%; Short-term health insurance premium income was 238.74 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.3%, accounting for 33.8%.

　　In recent years, with the accelerated transformation of the industry and the strengthening of the development of security products, long-term health insurance (mainly in critical illness insurance) has developed rapidly; With the rapid development of urban and rural residents’ serious illness insurance and millions of medical insurance, short-term health insurance is also booming.

　　Proportion of long-term health insurance and short-term health insurance business

　　The fourth feature: health insurance is mainly personal business, accounting for 3/4; Group health insurance business accounts for 1/4.

　　Personal health insurance business continued to grow rapidly, further occupying a dominant position. In 2019, the premium income was 535.55 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.0%, accounting for 75.8%; The premium income of group health insurance business was 171.05 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.7%, accounting for 24.2%.

　　From 2015 to 2019, the proportion of personal health insurance business has further increased, mainly because it is mainly long-term health insurance, and the proportion of renewal business has gradually increased, which is conducive to its scale expansion.

　　Proportion of personal health insurance and group health insurance business

　　The fifth feature: health insurance is mainly sickness insurance and medical insurance, accounting for 99%; Nursing insurance and disability income loss insurance only account for 1%.

　　In 2019, from the perspective of business insurance, the premium income of sickness insurance was 455.23 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.1%, accounting for 64.4%. Long-term critical illness insurance products have both new single premium and renewal premium, which has snowballing effect.

　　Medical insurance premium income was 244.22 billion yuan, up 32.2% year-on-year, accounting for 34.6%, and it has maintained a growth rate of about 30% for five years.

　　In recent years, the comprehensive coverage of urban and rural residents’ serious illness insurance and the increase of premiums, as well as the rapid rise of millions of medical insurance, have promoted the rapid development of medical insurance business.

　　Nursing insurance premium income was 6.54 billion yuan, up 66.8% year-on-year, accounting for 0.9%.

　　Financial management nursing insurance products (the premium in 2016 was 120.8 billion yuan) which made rapid progress in previous years, with the background of strict supervision, rectification of short-term and medium-term products, and industry return guarantee, the premium has shrunk dramatically and basically withdrawn from the market.

　　The rapid growth of nursing insurance in 2019 was mainly due to the insurance companies’ extensive participation in the premium income of government basic nursing insurance.

　　The insurance premium income of disability income loss was 610 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 14.1%, accounting for 0.1%.

　　In recent years, the premium of disability income loss insurance has been between hundreds of millions, accounting for about 0.1%, which is basically negligible.

　　Proportion of four business types of commercial health insurance

　　postscript

　　Looking to the future, looking for 8 key links in the long-term development of 2 trillion health insurance.

　　From the practice of commercial health insurance for more than 30 years, the long-term development of health insurance needs double efforts:

　　On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen professional ability and quality service to provide diversified and multi-level health care options for urban and rural residents;

　　On the other hand, it should be fully integrated into the construction of medical security system and get policy support.

　　The first key link: fully integrated into the construction of medical security system.

　　The establishment and perfection of the medical security system is an important driving force for the development of commercial health insurance, and the continuous improvement of the basic medical insurance system in China is also an important foundation and support for the medical security construction of commercial health insurance services.

　　In recent years, the insurance industry has significantly expanded its service field by comprehensively carrying out supplementary business and handling business of basic medical insurance.

　　Looking to the future, the insurance industry should participate in the basic medical insurance in more fields, with greater intensity and depth, and fully and deeply participate in the long-term care insurance, payment mode reform (DRG), flight inspection, medical insurance fee control and other handling services.

　　The second key link: the need for further policy support and development environment.

　　Commercial health insurance business has strong policy, which is highly related and closely linked with the medical security system. Therefore, only with the strong support of policies can the vitality of health insurance in generate be fully realized.

　　For example, the state has introduced a preferential tax policy for purchasing supplementary medical insurance, which has significantly promoted the development of the group health insurance market; Through the personal tax preferential health insurance policy, the residents’ awareness of protection has been significantly improved.

　　In the future, the development of health insurance still needs to fully rely on the joint efforts of government guidance and policy support and the market-oriented operation of insurance companies, so that more urban and rural residents can enjoy the diversified protection of health insurance. In fact, only by fully relying on the government to create a good development environment can health insurance achieve sound and rapid development.

　　At the same time, the development of commercial health insurance can effectively mobilize social resources to participate in the construction of the medical insurance system, prevent the people from pinning their hopes and hopes on the basic medical insurance system, release the pressure on the basic medical insurance system, and play the role of "stabilizer" and "pressure regulating valve" of the medical insurance system.

　　The third key link: need new technology+professional management.

　　Commercial health insurance is obviously different from life insurance business and property insurance business in product development, risk management and control, information system and customer service, so it must be professionally operated.

　　Risk management and control is the "lifeline" of the continuous operation of health insurance. It should be integrated into sales, underwriting, daily management, claims and other links to build a whole-process and all-round risk management and control system, so as to reduce the payout ratio of health insurance and improve operating efficiency.

　　The continuous development of innovative technologies will become a booster for the rapid development of the health insurance industry, which will promote development through innovative technologies represented by artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data and cloud computing at the customer, channel, operation, product, risk control and system level.

　　The application of new technology will bring about changes in health insurance sales, risk control, system and management service mode. Personalized, scene-based, inclusive and mutual-aid health insurance products are expected to accelerate development.

　　The fourth key link: to play a greater role.

　　With the acceleration of aging society and urbanization, the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and the release of medical security needs, the health insurance market has great potential.

　　Therefore, the industry should further increase the input of resources and improve the management level and professional ability. The role of health insurance includes five aspects:

　　First, an active participant in the socialized operation of basic medical insurance;

　　Second, the main undertaker of personal and family business health protection plan;

　　Third, it is an important provider of enterprise business health protection plan;

　　Fourth, it is a powerful promoter of the rapid development of health service industry;

　　Fifth, a staunch supporter of the construction of "Healthy China".

　　The fifth key link: increase tax support and release the market potential of health insurance.

　　Preferential tax policy is the main lever to promote the development of health insurance, which can transform potential demand into real purchasing power. Encourage society, enterprises and individuals to pay close attention to health protection and release effective demand;

　　First, comprehensively summarize and sort out the pilot practice of tax-preferential health insurance, improve policies, expand product range, make full use of tax-preferential leverage, and expand more and better health insurance products to the tax-preferential scope.

　　Second, it is suggested to further clarify the definition and coverage of "supplementary medical insurance" in the enterprise tax preferential policy, and to study and further improve the tax preferential ratio.

　　The sixth key link: deepen medical insurance cooperation and improve the healthy development of commercial health insurance.

　　① On the basis of effectively protecting personal privacy and information security, integrate and establish a medical data sharing and updating mechanism, and build a "big data" platform for medical health, so that commercial insurance can play its actuarial advantage and realize scientific pricing.

　　② The Opinions on Promoting the Development of Commercial Insurance in Social Services proposes to explore the information sharing between the commercial health insurance information platform and the national medical insurance information platform according to regulations. It is suggested that the relevant ministries and commissions of the state should speed up the implementation of policies, promote commercial insurance institutions to catch up with the "National Medical Insurance Information Expressway", realize one-stop settlement of commercial insurance, facilitate customers, reduce the transaction cost of claims, strengthen the application of medical and health big data, enrich risk control means and improve the efficiency of fee control.

　　(3) As the main third-party payment institution, give play to the restrictive role of health insurance on medical services and medical expenses, and support it to participate in hospital quality supervision and evaluation, medical service pricing and other activities, so as to form a joint force of supervision with social medical insurance and optimize the utilization efficiency of medical resources.

　　The seventh key link: realize the transformation of government functions and promote the participation of commercial insurance in basic medical insurance management.

　　According to the new institutional economics, the key to decide whether the government directly produces or buys services in the market is the transaction cost.

　　Expenditure on public goods does not mean that costs and benefits need not be considered, and the efficiency of government financial input should also be emphasized for social medical insurance. In the process of handling basic medical insurance, the insurance industry should give full play to its comparative advantages and enlarge the efficiency of the use of basic medical insurance funds.

　　There are two main spaces for insurance companies to handle basic medical insurance: one is stock business, and the other is incremental business.

　　Therefore, we should take advantage of the opportunity to encourage the purchase of services and control the establishment of public institutions, and the industry should first participate in incremental business, and then gradually strive for stock business.

　　The eighth key link: vigorously develop various types of health insurance, and promote the health insurance from health protection to the combination of "health protection+health promotion"

　　In developed countries such as the United States, commercial health insurance, as an important payer of medical expenses, is changing its role from "passive claim settlement" to "whole process health management".

　　China commercial health insurance contributes to the strategy of "Healthy China", giving full play to the unique position of commercial health insurance in contacting customers, medical institutions, health management institutions and nursing institutions, providing customers with comprehensive protection products such as medical treatment, illness, rehabilitation and care, as well as all-round health care services, and taking the road of "health insurance". So as to achieve "the healthier the patient, the healthier the commercial insurance will be".

　　After nearly 38 years of development, commercial health insurance has once again shown the momentum of flying.

　　The above is only given to the 2 trillion health insurance in 2025.

　　(Source of this article: public information and industry exchange data compiled by the author)

This article was first published on WeChat WeChat official account: Today’s Insurance. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

Grace Chow issued a document announcing the breakup, pointing out that the man was unfaithful to his feelings.

1905 movie network news On April 23rd, Grace Chow posted a long article on the social platform announcing that she had broken up with her boyfriend Show Lo, who had been in love for nine years, and said that the reason for breaking up was that she found that she had cheated on her more than once when looking at her mobile phone. Grace Chow said that Show Lo "dates different girls almost every day" and "has a long-term unfair relationship with her female artists and makeup artists", and all kinds of performances made her completely desperate for this relationship, so she resolutely chose to cut off her love affair.

After Grace Chow posted the article, the topic of the two immediately set off a hot search list. Many netizens came to the comment area to "uphold justice" for the woman, and cursed Show Lo "love rat", saying that her former affectionate person in film and television dramas had completely collapsed.

Show Lo, who made her debut as a singer in her early years, was once known to the audience because of her participation in the popular Taiwan Province idol drama. In recent years, she has gained popularity because of the variety "Extreme Challenge", movies and so on.

Show Lo often shows people with affectionate male actors and funny positive roles in his film and television works. Now when looking back at these works, it is inevitable that there are some ironies. How many of his works have you seen?

In 2006, Show Lo cooperated with Big S in the TV series "Love Around the Corner", in which he played the role of Qin Lang, a warm and kind dream-chasing teenager, who took good care of the hostess and was once regarded as the "Bai Yueguang" male host in Taiwan Province idol drama.

In 2009, a film "Shanghai Sweetheart" deeply imprinted "Mushroom Head Lin Dalang" in the audience’s mind, and Show Lo created the image of a simple and shy boy.

In 2013, Show Lo played "kong xu gong zi" in Stephen Chow’s Journey to the West, and the humorous conversation between him and his maid and the phrase "emptiness or kidney deficiency" also became the classic memory points of the film.

In 2016, Show Lo once again participated in the movie "The Mermaid" by Xingye, which played the role of "Myna", an octopus with unrequited love for a mermaid (Jelly Lin), and was a think tank among mermaids.

In the same year, the variety show "Extreme Challenge" was launched in the first season. As a member of the "Top Men’s Gang", Show Lo was widely loved by the audience with the role of "Beauty Luo". So far, the program has been recorded into the sixth season, which has brought great popularity and voice to Show Lo. Since then, he has also appeared in the film version of Extreme Challenge.

In 2017, Show Lo co-starred with Jackie Chan and Nana Ou-yang in the film, which played a high-tech criminal with a mysterious identity.

This breakup event may reshuffle the audience’s cognition of Show Lo’s "deep feelings for people". Many netizens shouted "Three Views Subversion" and "Unbelievable" after reading Grace Chow’s long article. Show Lo himself has not yet made a formal response to the incident.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is a strategic decision based on achieving the goal of the second century, overall development and security, and a strategic deployment to grasp the initiative of future development. Facts have fully proved that in order to develop in a more uncertain and unstable world, we must speed up the construction of a new development pattern, fully promote the high-quality development of China’s economy, continuously enhance China’s viability, competitiveness, development and sustainability, and ensure the goal of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way.

　　Cultural tourism consumption is an important force to stimulate domestic demand. The picture shows that on March 14, 2023, tourists visited the East Lake Sakura Garden in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wu Zhizun/photo

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the only way to promote Chinese modernization. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that building a new development pattern has clarified the path choice of China’s economic modernization. Chinese-style modernization is an unprecedented great cause. China’s population of more than 1.4 billion has stepped into a modern society as a whole, exceeding the total population of existing developed countries, which will greatly change the development pattern of world modernization, and its arduousness and complexity are unprecedented. Only by speeding up the construction of a new development pattern, continuously enhancing the endogenous power and reliability of domestic large-scale circulation, and continuously improving the quality and level of international circulation, can we consolidate the foundation of China’s economic development, effectively deal with all kinds of foreseeable and unpredictable risk challenges on the road ahead, and ensure the steady and far-reaching modernization of Chinese style.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the strategic basis for promoting high-quality development. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that high-quality development should realize the smooth circulation of production, circulation, distribution and consumption. To realize the unimpeded economic cycle, it is necessary to organically combine the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening the structural reform on the supply side, and both the supply and demand sides should make efforts and coordinate at the same time. At present, China is in a critical period of consumption expansion and upgrading, industrial optimization and upgrading, which puts forward higher requirements for promoting the unimpeded economic cycle and realizing the dynamic balance and benign interaction between supply and demand. Only by accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, implementing the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, and promoting a virtuous circle of production, distribution, circulation and consumption, can we achieve higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable and safer development.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is an inevitable choice to grasp the initiative of development. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that building a new development pattern is an inevitable choice to meet the requirements of the new stage of China’s development and to shape new advantages in international cooperation and competition. From the perspective of domestic demand potential, China has a population of more than 1.4 billion and a middle-income group of more than 400 million. It is a huge consumer market with the most development potential in the world. From the perspective of supply capacity, China has a solid material foundation, rich human resources, a strong scientific research team, abundant capital accumulation and the most complete industrial system, which has laid a solid foundation for improving China’s attractiveness to global factor resources and its influence in the global industrial chain supply chain innovation chain. Generally speaking, as a super-large-scale economy, China has a vast domestic demand market and a strong supply system, and has the foundation and ability to achieve internal recycling. Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is a "first move" for us to firmly grasp the strategic initiative, which is conducive to giving full play to China’s "great power advantage", shaping a strong domestic economic circulation system and a stable basic disk, and enabling China to take the initiative in building a strong country and national rejuvenation in the fierce international competition.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is an inevitable requirement for overall development and security. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that security is the premise of development and development is the guarantee of security. In recent years, the world’s unprecedented great changes have accelerated its evolution, the international power has been profoundly adjusted, the game between big countries has become increasingly fierce, and the international environment has become more complicated. At the same time, promoting peace and development is still the common aspiration of the people of all countries. With the rapid advancement of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the global innovation landscape has been reconstructed, and the international division of labor system and global value chain have been reshaped. Only by accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, enhancing the endogenous power and reliability of the domestic macro-cycle, enhancing the attraction and driving force for the international cycle, better realizing mutual benefit and win-win with the smooth flow of the international cycle, and promoting the building of a community of human destiny, can we ensure the stable and healthy operation of China’s economy and the overall stability of society, better safeguard our own security and common security, and better implement global development initiatives, global security initiatives and global civilization initiatives.

Special feature of 1905 film network The 41st Toronto International Film Festival welcomed several film emperors. After Xiao Li quietly promoted his environmental documentary on the red carpet, another king-level film emperor, Matthew McConaughey, came to support his second animated film with great interest.

　

Mark is in a good mood on the red carpet.

　

The Chinese translation of "SING" is quite funny. Originally named SING, it is an animated feature film produced by the behind-the-scenes lighting entertainment team in Minions and distributed by Universal Pictures worldwide.

　

The story takes place in a small urban town. The residents of this place are all animals. A koala named Buster Moon was fascinated by stage plays and musicals since he was a child. When he grew up, he bought the oldest theater in the town, but his business was bleak and he was facing bankruptcy. But this is not an ordinary koala gnawing eucalyptus leaves. Determined to revive the theater business, he came up with the idea of singing contest, hoping to attract the whole town residents to visit the theater again through the performance of the contest. As everyone knows, the old lizard secretary mistyped the prize money into 100 thousand dollars, which attracted thousands of people to participate and made a farce … … After koalas can’t pay bonuses, they are reduced to selling themselves to wash cars, and the jokes are constant.

The film has been dubbed by many A-list movie stars.

Reese witherspoon, Scarlett Johansson, taron egerton and many other A-list movie stars were called to voice a housewife sow, a rebellious hedgehog and a hooligan orangutan respectively, and many popular songs were sung. Matthew McConaughey voiced the koala. In the film, his magnetic voice was relatively high and young, which successfully filtered out the sense of vicissitudes and made the koala look particularly sunny and lovely.

Matthew McConaughey’s koala is very sunny.

McDonnell’s wife and children watched the premiere with popcorn, which made Mark, a husband and father, very pleased. He said that he was "selfish" in dubbing Sing.

McConaughey is on the red carpet.

1905: You have never been involved in cartoons before. This year, you voiced two cartoons in one breath. Is this related to your children?

McConaughey: Absolutely. As a father, I feel I have to do something for my children for two reasons. First of all, my children can watch more cartoons; Secondly, my friends always ask me if my children have seen any of my films, and I always prevaricate, because all my films are not suitable for children, so my children really have never seen my films. So, now that I can voice these excellent cartoons, my children can finally see my movies, and my status at home is a little higher (laughs). For myself, I think when dubbing cartoons, I can use my imagination to get into the characters more quickly, such as the koala in Sing. After reading the script, I know that he is a positive koala, which doesn’t need my body language to explain. Moreover, dubbing is a very casual job. I don’t have to dress up, just wear it and go to the recording studio until the director is satisfied. I’ve lived for 46 years, and I’ve made many drama films that can only be seen by adults, but I always think that children’s imagination is the richest. If I can treat myself as an 8-year-old child every day, I will act more creatively, look at the whole world from the children’s point of view, and see everything as if it were the first time, then we will find more beautiful things.

　

1905: Didn’t a film ask you to dub it before?

McConaughey: Believe it or not, no one is looking for me. After the baby was born, I was looking for a cartoon that suited me, but I never found it.

　

1905: Are there any similarities or differences between the creative processes of Jiubao and Erxuanqin and Sing?

McConaughey: The creative process of the two cartoons is quite different. Lycra uses stop-motion animation, and I still don’t have the brain capacity to fully understand the high-end technology used in lighting and entertainment. I sometimes write some scripts, and maybe some of them are very suitable for animation. I have been making live-action movies, and my understanding of reality was subverted when I watched animation companies do animation. Opening an animated script is like opening a door to an infinite world. I admire this idea very much.

McConaughey is at work

1905: In the movie, this koala likes entertainment very much. His childhood fascination with stage plays made him want to engage in this career all his life. Did you have similar experiences as a child?

McConaughey: My experience seems to be the other way around. I watched my first movie when I was 17 years old. I didn’t watch TV much at home, and I didn’t get much exposure to entertainment content. I liked sports and outdoor activities since I was a child, rather than sitting at home or watching movies in the cinema. It wasn’t until I was 18 years old that I really started studying movies, and then I fell in love with movies. Many people ask me what my favorite movie is, and my answer is always the second one, which makes them very surprised. That was the first movie I saw, which had a great influence on me, and it was also a very simple memory. I remember when I saw that the heroine and King Kong could not be together, I cried. I will always remember the feeling of pure romance.

1976 editionKing kong

　

1905: There are many songs in Sing that people can’t help but hum along. Do you usually sing some little songs?

McConaughey: I can sing some irrelevant tunes, most of which are improvised by myself. I beat myself while singing, and it’s usually something I’m in a good mood, hum. My mobile phone is always on, not because I want to make a phone call, but because I want to record the tunes I hum. My son practices the piano well, and when he plays, I will also record it, hoping to collect his original works in my mobile phone.

　

1905: You said that you didn’t watch many movies when you were a child. What about picture books? Or cartoons?

McConaughey: I like the first one (Jungle Book) and the Song of South in the 1940s. I was deeply impressed by the wolf boy Maukley and the brown bear Balu, and they had a magical and even magical feeling.

　

1905: Koala is a national treasure of Australia. You once lived in Australia for a period of time. Please share your experience at that time.

McConaughey: I had 11 wonderful jobs when I was in Australia. I used to be an assistant to a barrister, and later I worked as a mechanic to repair ships. I also worked as an assistant to golfers and an employee of banks in Australia and New Zealand.

　

1905: The characters in Sing are all animals. If you could become an animal, what would it be?

McConaughey: Leopard. When I was a child, I always dreamed of being a leopard, not a nightmare, but an inspirational dream.

　

1905: It’s been more than two years since you won the Oscar. Has your career changed?

McConaughey: I’ve got a lot of scripts and a wide choice, which makes me confident. When I first entered the entertainment industry, I accepted any role as long as there was a performance job. Now, I can calm down and carefully analyze all kinds of opportunities, not for the result but for the process. Of course, I also hope that every work has good grades, but I find that the more I devote myself to the process of the project, the more gratifying the result will be. Therefore, when I shoot a movie now, I will carefully analyze the characters, analyze the trend of the characters in the story, and participate in every stage of production.

McConaughey founded his own course at the University of Texas.

1905: You founded your own course at the University of Texas. Can you tell me about it?

McConaughey: After more than 20 years in the film and television industry, I realized that I really want to teach a new generation of filmmakers something behind the scenes. This course is called "From Script to Screen". There is often a great difference between what is written in the script and the vision presented in the final film. A film will undergo many changes in the middle of production, such as the addition and deletion of the plot, the free play of the actors and the director’s choice of editing. My teaching goal is to let these children in the film department understand the scientific truth behind their artistic creation. In the first class of the whole course, I will give the students a script first, and they will introduce to the class what style they intend to make the story according to their own judgment. Then, I will make some changes to this script, and students need to think again whether they want to shoot the script before the revision. Often they will have brand-new views and attempts, so that they will learn practical knowledge in the real film industry. Sometimes, a seemingly small story will turn into a very important scene in the end.

McConaughey is expected to be another Oscar finalist.

[Xiaobian Insertion] McConaughey said that the support of his wife and family is the driving force that he has always dared to challenge himself. However, McConaughey, who keeps making movies every year, still has time to be a cook and an otaku. He likes to cook at home, and his best skill is the rib-eye steak with a thickness of 4.1 cm. This year’s Christmas schedule, McConaughey has released two new films, Sing, which was released in North America on December 21st, and Gold Mine, which was released on December 25th. In "Gold Mine", he gained more than 40 Jin, playing Kenny Wells, a gold prospector, who not only gained weight in middle age, but also presented the Mediterranean &hellip on his head; … "Entertainment Weekly" said that this appearance made McConaughey expected to be on the shortlist for next year’s Oscar.

　　Comics/Gao Yue

　　The rule of law daily, all-media reporter Zhan Haifeng

　　Law Daily correspondent Tan Yujiao

　　In recent years, Chongqing has continuously explored the handling of complaints about judicial expertise practice activities, judicial expertise education and training, and accumulated some good experiences and practices. On the basis of extensively soliciting opinions from all walks of life, the newly revised Regulations on Judicial Expertise in Chongqing (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) was voted by the fourth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People’s Congress of Chongqing and will be implemented on January 1, 2024. The "Regulations" take standardizing judicial authentication activities as the main line, focusing on standardizing judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers, judicial authentication activities, services and supervision, and legal responsibilities.

　　Pan Deng, director of the Second Division of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress, said that the "Regulations" regulate the establishment and improvement of the linkage mechanism between the management and use of judicial expertise, give full play to the role of the expert committee of judicial expertise, clarify the matters of not accepting entrustment and not appointing judicial experts, and make corresponding regulations on the "four categories" of expertise outside litigation activities.

　　Improve the linkage mechanism between departments.

　　In order to further strengthen the communication and coordination between relevant departments and promote the benign interaction between judicial expertise management and use mechanism, the Regulations clearly define the responsibilities of the people’s governments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) and the judicial administrative departments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) and the internal management responsibilities of institutions.

　　In strengthening the supervision and management of judicial expertise, the "Regulations" propose that the people’s governments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) should strengthen the organization and leadership of judicial expertise within their respective administrative areas, guarantee the funds for judicial expertise management services, and support the healthy development of judicial expertise.

　　In view of the supervision responsibilities of the two-level judicial administrative departments in urban areas, the Regulations clarify that the municipal judicial administrative department is responsible for the supervision and management of judicial authentication institutions, judicial authenticators and their practice activities within the administrative area of this Municipality, and establishes and improves the convergence mechanism of judicial authentication management and use together with investigation organs, procuratorial organs and judicial organs, strengthens the informatization construction of judicial authentication, carries out information exchange and work coordination, and realizes information sharing and data interconnection of licensing matters, reward and punishment records, integrity evaluation, capacity evaluation and authentication entrustment, and regulates and guarantees.

　　As a judicial authentication institution affiliated to the municipal judicial administrative department, it is the key to compact the internal management responsibility. The "Regulations" stipulate that judicial authentication institutions shall provide necessary conditions and material guarantees for the practice activities of judicial authenticators of their own institutions; To be responsible for the training and daily management of the judicial appraisers of this institution; Publicize relevant information in a prominent position in the practice place according to the regulations; In accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and this Municipality, establish internal management systems such as major event reporting, appraisal quality control, charging, filing and complaint handling.

　　At the same time, the Regulations also clarify that the judicial administrative departments of counties (autonomous counties) should be responsible for the daily supervision and management of judicial authentication institutions, judicial appraisers and judicial authentication activities within their respective administrative areas, and the departments of development and reform, education, science and technology, human resources and social security, ecological environment, health and hygiene, market supervision and data should do a good job in the relevant management of judicial authentication according to law.

　　Give play to the role of expert review

　　In view of the controversial and difficult identification matters, the Regulations, based on the actual judicial identification work in Chongqing, have revised and improved the conditions for the members of the judicial identification expert committee on the basis of continuing the original Regulations that "the municipal judicial identification expert committee established by the municipal people’s government provides advice on major and difficult technical issues and identification disputes in judicial identification", and stipulated that "the municipal judicial identification expert committee is rich in working experience, strong in professional ability, good in professional ethics and high-level.

　　At the same time, the "Regulations" clarify the conditions for issuing expert advice. For the difficult identification matters that are controversial in the initial identification, or the identification matters that are still controversial after two identifications, the case-handling organ may entrust the Municipal Judicial Appraisal Expert Committee to issue expert advice.

　　For complex, difficult and special technical problems involved in the identification process, the Regulations propose that judicial authentication institutions can consult experts in related professional fields outside their own institutions, but the final appraisal opinions should be issued by judicial appraisers of their own institutions.

　　In terms of the legal liability of judicial authentication institutions, the Regulations stipulate that judicial authenticators who have participated in the same authentication matter or who have provided advice on the same authentication matter as experts or participated in the court cross-examination of the same authentication matter shall not be assigned for authentication; Offenders will be ordered to correct by the judicial administrative department and given a warning; Illegal income, confiscate the illegal income; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan shall be imposed.

　　In addition, the "Regulations" also stipulate the establishment and improvement of an expert evaluation system. If a legal person or an unincorporated organization applies for registration as a judicial authentication institution, the municipal judicial administrative department shall organize experts to evaluate its practice place, testing laboratory, instruments and equipment. Where an individual applies for registration as a judicial appraiser, the municipal judicial administrative department shall organize experts to carry out appraisal and evaluation of legal and regulatory knowledge, technical knowledge and professional ability.

　　Clarify the requirements for accepting cases

　　In the specific practice of judicial expertise, some judicial expertise institutions or judicial appraisers have an interest in the case itself, which may adversely affect judicial expertise. In this regard, Panden said that the "Regulations" clarify the matters that will not be accepted and the judicial appraisers may not be appointed. For example, the judicial appraisal institutions will not accept the entrusted appraisal matters beyond the scope of their judicial appraisal business; A judicial authentication institution or an organization that establishes a judicial authentication institution is a party to the case involved; The legal representative or person-in-charge of the judicial authentication institution has an interest in the judicial authentication entrusted by the involved cases and parties.

　　In order to ensure the fairness and justice of judicial authentication, the Regulations stipulate that after accepting the entrustment of authentication, a judicial authentication institution shall appoint a judicial appraiser who has the qualification to practice the authentication matter, but shall not appoint a judicial appraiser who has participated in the authentication of the same authentication matter, provided advice on the same authentication matter as an expert, and participated in the court cross-examination of the same authentication matter.

　　In view of the client’s special requirements for judicial appraisers, the Regulations stipulate that qualified judicial appraisers can also be selected from this institution for appraisal after mutual agreement. A judicial authentication institution shall assign two judicial authenticators to authenticate the same authentication matter. For complex, difficult or special identification matters, multiple judicial appraisers may be appointed for identification, and at least one judicial appraiser has a senior professional title.

　　The "Regulations" also clarify the cases where judicial authentication institutions refuse to accept judicial entrustment, such as the use of authentication is illegal or violates social morality, the authentication requirements do not conform to the professional rules of judicial authentication or relevant authentication technical specifications, and the authentication requirements exceed the technical conditions or authentication ability of the institution.

　　Standardize the scope of "four categories"

　　The Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on the Management of Judicial Expertise defines judicial expertise as "four categories" in litigation activities, and the standardization of "four categories" is conducive to ensuring litigation justice and improving litigation efficiency.

　　Panden pointed out that there are a lot of "four categories" outside litigation activities in the practice of appraisal, but there is a lack of clear and unified norms. In order to strengthen the management of the "four categories" of appraisal outside litigation activities, the "Regulations" have made guiding provisions in combination with the actual appraisal work in this Municipality.

　　The "Regulations" clarify that, in addition to litigation activities, the activities of judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers to carry out forensic identification, material evidence identification, audio-visual material identification, environmental damage identification and other identification matters determined by the judicial administrative department of the State Council in consultation with the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate shall be implemented with reference to these Regulations.

　　Ji Yunqi, an associate professor at Southwest University of Political Science and Law and an expert in audio-visual recording identification in Sichuan-Chongqing forensic expert database, said that the Regulations, on the basis of public consultation, combined with the new situation of forensic identification work, aimed at improving quality and efficiency, and focused on more scientific and reasonable norms and guidance from judicial identification institutions and appraisers, judicial identification activities, services and supervision, legal responsibilities, etc., with the aim of providing guarantee for improving the quality and credibility of judicial identification and maintaining and promoting judicial justice.

　　"The" Regulations "explored and innovated in establishing and improving the linkage mechanism between the management and use of judicial expertise, giving full play to the role of the expert committee of judicial expertise, and clarifying matters such as not accepting entrustment and not appointing judicial appraisers, and at the same time made corresponding regulations on the’ four categories’ of expertise outside litigation activities. The revision of the "Regulations" reflects the positive actions of the competent authorities to keep pace with the times and the practical characteristics of Chongqing. " Ji Yunqi said.

　　Residents of fremont, San Francisco Bay Area, USA push their three-color trash cans to the street every Wednesday, waiting for the garbage recycling company to handle them uniformly. (Photo by People’s Network Han Shasha)

　　People’s Daily Online, San Francisco, April 20 (Han Shasha) Every Wednesday morning, the citizens of Fremont, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA always push out three roller trash cans with different colors that are usually placed in the yard, and open them in front of the street in a row.

　　As the garbage trucks rumble past, these garbage cans placed on the street are classified, dumped and transported away.

　　Trash cans of different colors have their own uses. In this city, gray trash cans are used to hold renewable garbage, such as wine bottles, beverage bottles, cans, clean waste paper, etc. Blue trash can is used to hold non-recyclable garbage, such as leftovers, vegetable roots and peels and other kitchen waste; Green trash can is used to hold garden garbage such as weeds and pruned branches in the yard.

　　This is a microcosm of the classification of domestic waste in California. Although each city gives different "connotations" to trash cans with different colors, and the time for recycling garbage once a week is not the same, garbage sorting has been deeply rooted in people’s hearts and become a daily routine.

　　Specialized companies provide garbage collection services in a unified way.

　　The garbage classification system in the United States is a mature and perfect system, which includes not only the front-end classification carried out by residents in daily life, but also the back-end recycling, landfill treatment and degradation, so as to realize the reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization of domestic garbage.

　　Residents’ classification of domestic waste is the basis of the whole system engineering. Every city has a clear explanation, education and promotion activities for garbage classification. On the official website of the city, residents can consult various information such as specific garbage recycling plans and garbage classification. In addition to common household garbage, including toxic household cleaners, paint thinners, pesticides, fluorescent bulbs and tubes containing mercury, thermometers and thermostats, electronic waste and vehicle batteries, household harmful waste is not allowed to be put into the roadside roller trash can. Because domestic harmful waste contains toxic substances, if it is not handled properly, it will harm human beings and the environment. These harmful waste must be placed in the designated recycling place and cannot be discarded at will.

　　The sorted garbage is collected by a special garbage recycling company on a fixed date, and residents pay a certain amount of "garbage clearing fee" every month. Individuals are strictly forbidden to rummage through the available items in the trash can without permission, otherwise it will be treated as theft. There are more than 20,000 garbage recycling companies in the United States providing services to different cities. Take San Francisco as an example. Recology is a service company in this city. Residents receive three 32-gallon garbage bins free of charge, and pay the service fee of $35.18 per month to the company, which provides regular garbage removal service.

　　Usually, garbage recycling companies will reclassify domestic garbage in different ways and recycle it reasonably. Renewable plastics, metals, waste paper and glass will be sorted, recycled and reused; Burning combustible materials to generate electricity; Decomposable organic matter is fermented to make organic fertilizer; Inorganic waste is used to pave the road. In recent years, garbage recycling companies have reprocessed domestic garbage in a more optimized way, and often use organic garbage gasification to generate electricity; Pyrolysis and incineration of pollutants, incineration and heating, gasification and power generation, purification of water and gas residue, etc. According to the website of Luyuan Recycling Company, food waste in San Francisco was transported to a nearby factory and turned into valuable fertilizer. Some finished fertilizers are sold to vineyards in Napa wine country.

　　Residents who litter may go to jail.

　　The strict implementation of garbage sorting in the United States is inseparable from the government’s education and promotion and detailed laws and regulations.

　　The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is the basic law for the management of solid and hazardous wastes in the United States. On October 21, 1976, the US Congress passed the law reform to deal with the growing problem of urban and industrial waste. This law is divided into three parts, which respectively put forward requirements for the management of solid waste, hazardous waste and underground storage of hazardous waste. The focus of this law is the control and management of hazardous waste. In order to cooperate with this law, the US Environmental Protection Agency has formulated hundreds of regulations, plans and guidelines on the discharge, collection, storage, transportation, treatment, disposal and recycling of solid waste and hazardous waste, forming a relatively complete system of solid waste management laws and regulations.

　　In addition to federal laws, each state also has its own laws and regulations. Littering is a crime in America. Every state has laws prohibiting littering, and littering is a third-degree misdemeanor, punishable by a fine ranging from 300 to 1,000 dollars, imprisonment or community service (up to one year), or a combination of two or three of the above.

　　San Francisco, California, USA has made remarkable achievements in garbage sorting, recycling and reuse, with a garbage recovery rate of 80%, which is called "green city in green state". Siemens conducted a study in 2011, and the results were published in the "Green City Index". By comparing the sustainable development performance of 27 major American and Canadian cities, San Francisco was rated as the greenest city in North America and ranked first in garbage management.

　　This result is closely related to the California government’s advanced environmental awareness and the promulgation of a series of bills. As early as 1921, the government of San Francisco required that garbage recycling must be managed by companies, and individual garbage recycling behavior should be banned, thus resulting in "Sunset Cleaning Company" and "Cleaners Association", which is now the Luyuan Recycling Company in San Francisco. In 1989, the city of San Francisco passed the "Comprehensive Waste Management Act (AB939)", requiring all administrative districts to achieve 50% waste disposal by reduction and recycling before 2000. Regional managers who failed to meet the requirements were fined $10,000 per day. At the same time, the household is taken as an independent individual to carry out classified garbage collection, and institutions regularly come to collect recyclable items, and the sales proceeds are used to cover the garbage disposal expenses.

　　According to this law, California has set up a "Unified Management Committee for Municipal Waste" to specifically guide and supervise the implementation of various tasks, with the aim of making people fully aware of the fact that municipal waste is increasing and landfill sites are becoming increasingly scarce.

　　With the passage of time, the San Francisco government’s laws on garbage recycling and classification have become more and more detailed, including the implementation of the "Waste Electrical Appliances Recycling Law" passed by California in 2003, which made specific provisions on the recycling of waste computers, televisions and other audio-visual equipment.

　　In 2009, San Francisco passed the "Compulsory Classification of Garbage", which stipulates that residents must strictly abide by the classification of discarded items, and it is strictly forbidden to rummage through the usable items in the garbage bins without permission, otherwise it will be punished as theft, and at the same time, different levels of fines will be imposed on each household that violates the rules. This was called the most stringent recyclable law in the United States by the media.

　　Why does San Francisco have the confidence to set the goal of "zero waste"?

　　In 2002, the San Francisco City Supervision Committee and the mayor passed a resolution, and it is planned that by 2010, the conversion rate of garbage recycling and composting will reach 75%, and by 2020, "zero waste" will be completely realized.

　　San Francisco is the first city in the United States to set the goal of "zero waste" of garbage, and it is also the first city to force the use of three-color trash cans for recycling and sorting garbage. In 2013, San Francisco has successfully converted 80% of domestic garbage into recyclable garbage or fertilizer.

　　In comparison, the garbage conversion rate in Los Angeles is 65% and that in Seattle is 50%. According to the data of the US Environmental Protection Agency, in 2014, about 258 million tons of domestic waste was generated in the United States, and more than 89 million tons of garbage was recyclable and compostable, which was equivalent to a recovery rate of 34.6%, and 136 million tons of garbage was landfilled. Internationally, at the end of 2013, the EU’s garbage recycling and composting conversion rate was 42%.

　　The success of the "San Francisco Experience" is related to the radical and harsh government policies of the city. In addition to the above-mentioned series of laws and regulations, this city is the first city in the United States to ban the use of polystyrene foam in food service (2006), requiring mandatory recycling of construction waste (2007), prohibiting free provision of plastic bags in pharmacies and supermarkets (2009), and implementing mandatory garbage recycling and composting classification for residents and enterprises (2009).

　　In addition, there is a public-private partnership garbage collection system. Luyuan Recycling Company, which serves the city of San Francisco, is a private enterprise. In the process of providing services to San Francisco, there was no bidding and no payment to the government. The monthly service fees charged to residents and the profits generated by garbage sorting belong to the company. In 2012, the city of San Francisco once held a vote, and planned to break down garbage collection into five businesses to bid separately. But at that time, this proposal was opposed by 77% of voters.

　　San Francisco’s garbage classification can be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and it is inseparable from the government’s efforts to promote it widely. In order to better implement waste sorting and achieve the goal of "zero waste" in 2020, the environmental protection department of San Francisco specially promotes the publicity and education activities of waste reduction and sorting among young people; Introduced the family design concept of environmental protection garden, founded the San Francisco environmental protection foundation and the San Francisco organic food community; And promote environmental protection organizations in San Francisco community college and universities in San Francisco; Through posters, newspapers, the Internet, public transportation and other media, the publicity and promotion activities of urban garbage control have been carried out for a long time.

　　Whether San Francisco can achieve "zero waste" in 2020 is still unknown, but at least some experiences of the city can be used for reference.

Before Ivey’s film, he pushed a popular science article on screen technology, which attracted everyone’s attention. Today, let’s pay attention to the "behind-the-scenes" that is related to the screening effect-the projector.

　

Film projectors have become a memory for most people, and today’s cinemas have already become the world of digital projectors. Let’s briefly talk about the development history of digital projectors.

Advances in chip technology and resolution

Digital film projectors can be divided into 4K, 2k and 1.3k (obsolete) according to the resolution from high to low, and the core part is the DLP chip.

　

The digital film projector that appeared at the end of last century and the beginning of this century is1.3K(1280×1024, about 1.3 million pixels) resolution.. Its architecture is a DLP projection system with a digital projector head in front of the light box of the traditional film projector, and its imaging device is the DLP CinemaTM DMD digital micromirror device of Texas Instruments (TI).

　

DP50 1.3K digital projector

DLP technology (digital light processing) is a technology developed by Texas Instruments based on DMD. DMD (digital micromirror) is also an imaging chip developed by TI, and it is also the core component of DLP. DMD consists of many small aluminum mirrors, and each micro mirror is called a pixel. Its working principle is that after receiving the image control signal, it drives the micro mirror to deflect within 15 degrees, reflects light, and finally forms an image. Digital film projectors and high-end projectors generally adopt RGB three-chip DLP technology.

　

With the development of chip technology,The first 2K (2048× 1080.21 million pixels)The projector came out at the end of 2003, which adopted the DC2K DLP CinemaTM DMD chip of TI company, which improved the image resolution and contrast. This eliminated the projector that originally used 1.3K chip.

　

DP100 and DP90 2K digital projectors

In 2005-2006, DCI (Digital Cinema Advocacy Organization) released the technical specification 1.0 of digital cinema system, and various digital cinema equipment manufacturers followed suit, and developed and produced projector products conforming to DCI technical specification. According to DCI standard, the pixels of digital cinema projectors should reach 2K or 4K. Projector manufacturer including DLP technology, Barco, CTV and NEC, as well as Sony adopt liquid crystal on silicon SXRD technology, have launched a series of products.

　

In 2009, TI released its second generation DLP digital film platform.DLP Cinema?　Series II (SII or Series 2 for short). S II not only supports all the functions of the previous generation SI platform, but also enhances the signal processing ability of the system, and conforms to the DCI Digital Cinema System Technical Specification 1.2 in application.

　

In 2011, based on DLP Cinema? 1.38 "(inches).DMD 4K chipThe resolution reached 4K (4096× 2160,825 million pixels). In addition, in order to meet the needs of more small screens, the advent of 0.69 "DMD2K chips based on DLP Cinema has led manufacturers to launch DLP large projectors and small projectors based on these chips. With the advent of DLP4K projector, digital projection is comparable to 35mm film projection in definition, and the overall projection visual effect is better.

　

2019 4K global blockbuster "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil"

In 2013, TI (Texas Instruments) DLP Products Division launched a new breakthrough pixel architecture for its leading DLP Pico? technology.TIlt Roll Pixel（TRP）. The main advantages of products based on the new TRP pixel architecture include:

Improve brightness by up to 30% and higher efficiency; Energy saving by reducing power consumption by up to 50%; Twice the resolution of chips of the same size, and so on. For example, the s4 series of Barco’s fourth-generation projector is the latest series of digital projector products that take the lead in adopting 3×0.98” DC4K TRP chip, which can save more energy and further improve the degree of integration.

Progress in architecture and automation

The innovation of digital projection technology makes the control of equipment more and more automatic and intelligent.

　

Due to high integration and strong sealing performance,Heat dissipation and dust preventionIt is the most difficult problem of projectors in the past. In the past, when solving these two problems, the projectionist was particularly required to maintain the projection equipment in peacetime, but with the upgrade of the projector, the handling of these two aspects has now become simpler and more convenient.

　

The heat dissipation of the projector mainly surrounds the light source, chip and circuit. These places are easy to accelerate aging or damage if the heat dissipation is not in place, and attention should be paid not to have any dust when cooling. For example, high-precision core components such as chips cannot be polluted by any dust.

　

Now there are several ways to cool the projector:Air cooling, liquid cooling, and semiconductor cooling.. Air cooling mainly depends on the cooling channel designed in the projector; Liquid cooling is mainly aimed at the internal heat dissipation of the engine, and there is a set of liquid cooling heat dissipation system composed of liquid tank, pressure pump and heat exchanger in the projector. Semiconductor cooling, like using "Peltier" thermoelectric semiconductor refrigeration device.

　

Barco s4 projector series inherits the consistently efficient integrated cooling system of liquid cooling+air cooling+Peltier, and with the fully enclosed engine and light path design, the new double-layer HEPA washable filter screen can achieve the ultimate dustproof and efficient cooling effect. At the same time, the modular design of S4 series and brand-new network control and analysis software make the daily maintenance and repair of projectors easy, which greatly reduces the labor cost of daily operation and maintenance.

　

In addition to the continuous improvement of automation level, the projector architecture is also constantly optimized. From the original independent external server to the integrated media module IMB, to today’s integrated media server with higher integration.IMSsSome even integrate audio decoding module, which has higher integration and improved performance.

　

For example, in March, 2014, Barco first launched a product equipped with Lingrui.ICMP(Integrated Cinema Media Processor integrated media module) integrated projector of server. The ICMP module of Barco Lingrui skillfully integrates the digital movie image signal processor (ICP) with the media server responsible for the decoding function of DCI movie programs, which improves the simplicity and reliability of the projector. Intelligent projectors equipped with Lingrui ICMP can even detect potential operational errors and warn users when potential failures occur.

　

ICMP server

The historical origin of digital projector from the initial independent external server to the integrated media module IMB to the integrated media server IMSs with higher integration now comes from the actual demand of the film industry for higher image quality, higher frame rate and higher resolution. In the technical field of projectors and media servers, this can be summarized as follows,Need to pass a higherbandwidthTo process and transmit image data. This has become the driving factor of digital projectors from independent servers to IMBs(Integrated Media Blocks) and then to IMSs (Integrated Media Server) from 2005 to 2012.

　

In addition, in recent years, digital projectors are constantly strengthening their targeting.Automatic maintenance and optimization technology of laser light source and automatic image optimization technologyWith the passage of time, the white balance of the three-color laser light source of the projector is guaranteed and the color reproduction is better; The final imaging quality of the optical engine has been kept at a good level for a long time.

Progress in technical indicators

The technical progress of projector naturally promotes the improvement of its related technical indicators, so as to adapt to the landing of new projection technology.

　

For example, adapting to high frame rate projection, adapting to HDR (high dynamic range) image optimization, etc., requires a higher projectorBrightness, contrast, clarity and high color depth processing circuit, at the same time haveHigh frame rate projectionFunction.

　

The 1.3k machine adopts the 1.1 "/0.9" (inch) DLP CinemaTM DMD chip of TI company, with the contrast ratio of 1350: 1 and the deflection angle of DMD micromirror of 10. The final light output is about 6,000-13,000 lumens, and its light efficiency is relatively low, with the average light path light efficiency of 1-2 lumens/watt. At first, the 1.3k machine can handle Bit depth.

　

The second generation projector chip (DC2K DMD chip) comes in 1.2 "(inch) and 0.98" (inch), which were released by TI in 2003 and 2007 respectively. Compared with the 1.3 K chip, DC2K DMD chip increases the deflection angle of DMD micromirror by 12, making its contrast ratio more than 2000∶1. The light output of 2K projector can reach 30,000 lumens, and the color depth can reach 15 bits ×3. Moreover, the support for secure encryption/decryption, from supporting Cine I to supporting Cine II, meets the strict requirements of digital cinema for content security protection.

The 4K digital projector based on DLP Cinema? 1.38 "(inch) DMD chip has a brightness of 32,000 lumens and a contrast ratio of more than 2,100: 1.

　

S4 series projectors

Now the projector has a higher level of indicators. On BIRTV in 2020, Barco introduced the high-brightness RGB laser projector SP4K-40B with 40,000 lumens in the fourth-generation projector family, and introduced the RGB laser projector SP4K-55B with 52,000 lumens in CinemaS in 2021. In this fourth-generation projector family, the contrast ratio can reach 5,000: 1 like SP4K-27BHC.

　

In addition, with the improvement of light source, RGB laser projector has also improved the color range of the picture from DCI-P3 to.Rec2020, the color range is expanded by about.thirty percentFinally, due to the replacement of TI DLP technology, the fourth generation projector of Barco, which currently adopts the latest technology of TI, also has the ability to play.4K high frame rateThe ability of (high frame rate means > ＞24fps) greatly exceeds the original traditional signal format. Although there are not many such movies, the projector hardware is still ahead.

　

It can be said that the projection visual effect provided by the current digital projector has far exceeded the film projector era, providing a better viewing experience to a greater extent, and at the same time bringing higher intelligent automation to the operation, use and maintenance optimization of the cinema, making the cinema have a wider choice for different screens, different technical requirements and automatic projection, and greatly enhancing the security of film copyright!

　

(Source: UME Studios (Chongqing Jinsha Store); Wentu Source: Zhongying Barco)