Wen, Feng Pengcheng

　　How big is the commercial health insurance space in China?

　　In a joint document issued by 13 ministries and commissions, it is required to realize 2 trillion premiums by 2025.

　　Swiss Re’s research report in 2019 said that China faced a health protection gap of $800 billion.

　　Under the great epidemic in 2020, health insurance was the king of C, especially compared with the growth rate of other types of insurance. In January and February of 2020, health insurance continuously surpassed the market and became the second largest type of insurance in the market, making it the main type of insurance to undertake the insurance gap in 2020.

　　Whether it is the expectation of the highest level, the documents issued by 13 ministries and commissions, the health insurance-related policy dividends continuously issued by the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission, a trillion-dollar health insurance market is roaring. If there are no accidents, this year’s health insurance is likely to exceed one trillion.

　　As the insurance field closest to social governance, the future of health insurance is closely related to the trend of medical reform in the huge industry vision. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the medical reform policies, regulatory measures, industry trends and business characteristics in different periods in combination with the staged characteristics of the current health insurance market.

　　Feng Pengcheng, the author of this paper, has been immersed in this field for more than ten years, thinking: combing the context of 33 policies of China health insurance in the past 38 years in detail, in order to find the experience and enlightenment between commercial health insurance and medical insurance reform.

　　one

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The first step in 38 years: 1982-1997

　　After 15 years, the premium of 1.5 billion critical illness insurance entered China, and the State Council defined the status of health insurance for the first time

　　In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee established the policy of reform and opening up and decided to shift the focus of work to socialist modernization centered on economic construction.

　　In February, 1979, the People’s Bank of China proposed to resume domestic insurance business at the national meeting of branch presidents.

　　In 1982, with the approval of the Shanghai Municipal Government, China People’s Insurance Company (hereinafter referred to as PICC) launched the "Shanghai Cooperative Workers’ Medical Insurance" on a pilot basis, which was officially implemented in January 1983. This is the first commercial health insurance business after China resumed its insurance business.

　　Since then, commercial health insurance in China has been launched. After more than 30 years of development, it can be divided into three stages: initial development, professional exploration and multi-level protection.

　　This is the first stage.

　　Then the old people’s insurance accelerated the health insurance test:

　　In 1985, PICC launched supplementary medical insurance and maternal and child health insurance in some areas, and the premium income in that year was 11.78 million yuan, accounting for 3% of the personal insurance business.

　　In January, 1987, PICC Shanghai Branch cooperated with the Municipal Health Bureau to launch the "Shanghai Suburban Farmers’ Medical Insurance".

　　In May, 1988, according to the Regulations on Labor Management of Joint Ventures in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Regulations on Labor and Personnel Management of Sino-foreign Joint Ventures in Shanghai, the welfare protection for the employees of the joint venture China was carried out, including outpatient and inpatient medical treatment.

　　In 1990, in line with the family planning policy, PICC launched a series of products such as induced abortion health insurance, birth control insurance and maternal and child health insurance.

　　In October 1991, PICC began to provide medical insurance for primary and secondary school students and kindergarten children. By the end of that year, nearly 2 million primary and secondary school students and children were insured.

　　In 1992, more than 70 kinds of medical insurance products were sold nationwide, with a premium income of 310 million yuan.

　　In the 1990s, the health insurance with safe entry at the beginning of its establishment;

　　In 1993, Ping An launched 24 group medical insurance products;

　　In 1994, five personal medical insurance products were introduced;

　　In 1996, the Ministry of Medical Insurance was first established in China (later renamed as the Ministry of Health Insurance);

　　In 1997, the hospitalization peace of mind insurance with low premium, high degree of protection and simple claim settlement procedures was introduced. Because it was widely welcomed by the market, the premium in 2000 exceeded 300 million yuan.

　　After entering the 21st century, there are life insurance companies that make efforts in the field of health insurance:

　　In 2000, Taikang Life Insurance established the Health Insurance Department, and launched three medical insurance products of "Century Taikang Series" that year. Among them, "Century Taikang Personal Hospitalization Medical Insurance" promises to renew the insurance for the first time in China. The basic responsibilities are general hospitalization insurance and hospitalization insurance for major diseases. Optional responsibilities include "organ transplant insurance (heart, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney and bone marrow transplantation)" and "non-organ transplant surgery insurance".

　　Looking at the development of health insurance in this period, the emergence of critical illness insurance is a great innovation.

　　In 1995, China was introduced to critical illness insurance, initially as an additional insurance for life insurance products, which generally covered seven major diseases (malignant tumor, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, uremia, paralysis and major organ transplantation). In 1996, a main insurance product was introduced to guarantee lifelong liability.

　　Summarizing the main characteristics of commercial health insurance in this period, there are four aspects:

　　The first feature: from the perspective of medical insurance reform, the top management expects to meet the medical needs beyond the basic medical security stipulated by the state.

　　In 1994, the State Council initiated the pilot reform of "Two Rivers" for urban workers. In 1996, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Notice of the State Commission for Restructuring the Economy and other four ministries and commissions on the opinions of expanding the pilot reform of the medical security system for employees, and put forward that "mutual medical insurance and commercial medical insurance for employees should be developed as a supplement to social medical insurance to meet the medical needs beyond the basic medical security stipulated by the state".

　　The second feature: from the perspective of market demand, residents’ insurance awareness and income level are low.

　　In 1997, the per capita GDP was 6,457 yuan. At that time, the medical system of public expense and labor insurance was implemented in urban areas, and the burden of medical expenses was generally low. In rural areas, the rural cooperative medical system still plays a certain role, and residents’ insurance awareness and income level are low.

　　The third feature: from the perspective of industry supply, the number of competitors in the insurance market has increased, and the pattern of PICC monopolizing the market no longer exists.

　　Ping An Life Insurance Company of China and Pacific Life Insurance developed rapidly, and Taikang Life Insurance and Xinhua Life Insurance were established one after another. However, generally speaking, the insurance market was in its infancy and its strength was weak. The business was mainly property insurance, and health insurance was not operated as the main business segment, so the effective supply capacity of commercial health insurance was limited.

　　The fourth feature: from the perspective of selling products, the actuarial pricing ability is poor, and the risk management and control ability is limited. Generally, they are sold as additional insurance, mostly medical insurance products, with relatively simple responsibilities and low level of protection.

　　Take critical illness insurance products introduced at this stage as an example. At the initial stage of sales, all insurance companies are cautious, with low underwriting amount and strict underwriting policy.

　　However, critical illness insurance’s unique coverage content was quickly recognized by the market, and various insurance companies also upgraded their products in an all-round way, expanded the scope of diseases, changed additional insurance into main insurance, and extended regular coverage to life.

　　With the promotion of personal marketing model, products have developed rapidly and sales have soared. In 1997, the premium income of national commercial health insurance was 1.5 billion yuan.

　　2

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The second step in 38 years: 1998-2008

　　After ten years of professional exploration, the premium was 50 billion yuan. At that time, the Prime Minister even instructed that a professional health insurance company was born.

　　The main line of medical insurance reform at this stage is: the state has established a basic medical insurance system in an all-round way, and commercial health insurance has accelerated the specialization process.

　　In December, 1998, the State Council’s Decision on Establishing the Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees was issued, and a new basic medical insurance system for urban employees was established, which indicated that the medical insurance system of free labor insurance implemented in China for more than 40 years was replaced by the new social medical insurance system.

　　In 2003 and 2007, the state established the new rural cooperative medical system for rural residents and the basic medical insurance system for urban residents for non-employed residents.

　　At the same time, rural medical assistance and urban medical assistance systems were established in 2003 and 2005 respectively. So far, China has established a basic medical insurance and medical assistance system covering urban and rural areas.

　　Basic medical insurance and medical assistance policies

　　The number of employees participating in medical insurance increased from 19 million in 1998 to 200 million in 2008, the number of participants in the new rural cooperative medical system exceeded 800 million, and the number of urban residents participating in medical insurance exceeded 100 million.

　　By 2008, the total number of people participating in the three basic medical insurance systems in China reached 1.133 billion, and the participation rate of basic medical insurance reached 85% that year.

　　Participation in basic medical insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The characteristics of health insurance at this stage can be summarized into six characteristics:

　　The first feature: at the policy level, it encourages the vigorous development of commercial health insurance and provides preferential tax support for enterprises to purchase supplementary medical insurance.

　　The overall design of basic medical insurance for urban workers is "basic and low-level", and the deductible line (10% of the average annual salary of local workers last year), the capping line (4 times of the average annual salary of local workers last year) and the reimbursement ratio (generally about 80%) are set, so individuals have a certain medical burden.

　　"the State Council’s decision on establishing the basic medical insurance system for urban workers" puts forward:

　　Medical expenses exceeding the maximum payment limit can be solved through commercial medical insurance and other means. Supplementary medical insurance for enterprises is allowed. The part of enterprise supplementary medical insurance premiums within 4% of the total wages shall be paid from the employee welfare funds, and the part of the welfare funds that is insufficient shall be included in the cost after being approved by the financial department at the same level.

　　This is the first supplementary positioning of commercial health insurance at the national policy level, and provides tax preferential policy support.

　　In 2003, the Ministry of Finance’s Notice on Financial Handling of Enterprises Purchasing Insurance for Employees clearly stated that "enterprises participating in basic medical insurance should establish supplementary medical insurance for their employees, and the part of the required expenses within 4% of the total wages should be paid from the welfare funds payable, and the insufficient part of the welfare funds should be directly included in the cost (expense) as labor insurance premiums".

　　Wen Jiabao, then Prime Minister of the State Council, made important instructions on commercial health insurance twice in 2002:

　　The gradual development of commercial health insurance and the combination of commercial medical insurance are not only conducive to meeting the medical needs of the broad masses, but also to developing the economy and stabilizing society.

　　According to the instructions of the leaders of the State Council, the insurance industry stepped up the research on commercial health insurance, boldly innovated and tried, and accumulated experience in practice.

　　In 2006, the State Council’s Opinions on the Reform and Development of the Insurance Industry clarified the position of commercial insurance in the social security system and pointed out the direction for the development of commercial health insurance;

　　First, vigorously develop commercial health insurance. It is proposed to "vigorously develop personal insurance services such as commercial endowment insurance and health insurance to meet the insurance protection needs of urban and rural people".

　　The second is to encourage investment in the health industry. It is proposed to "vigorously promote the development of health insurance and support relevant insurance institutions to invest in medical institutions".

　　The third is to support participation in the new rural cooperative medical system. Put forward "actively explore effective ways for insurance institutions to participate in the management of the new rural cooperative medical system and promote the healthy development of the new rural cooperative medical system".

　　The second feature: supervision encourages professional development, introduces special management methods and statistical systems, and strengthens industry participation in the supervision of basic handling and entrusted management of health insurance.

　　① Advocating professional development.

　　In 2001, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission vigorously promoted the professional management concept of health insurance, organized industry forces, completed the research on the topic of "Commercial Medical Insurance in China", and published the first monograph on commercial health insurance in China, clearly stating that the development of commercial health insurance must take the road of professional development.

　　In 2002, the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Health Insurance" was issued, proposing to establish a health insurance development model suitable for China’s national conditions and strengthen the professional operation and management of health insurance. This is the first special document on health insurance after the establishment of the former CIRC.

　　In the same year, the first "Commercial Health Insurance Development Forum" was held to publicize the professional management concept and expand the industry influence of health insurance.

　　In 2004, the construction of health insurance professional institutions was started, and five health insurance companies were approved for preparation (after Zhenghua Health, it was renamed Zhongrong Life Insurance).

　　(2) support to participate in the basic medical insurance.

　　In 2005 and 2008, respectively, the Guiding Opinions on Improving the Insurance Industry’s Participation in the Pilot Work of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Insurance Industry’s Participation in the Management of Basic Medical Security were issued, proposing that:

　　The insurance industry participates in the relevant requirements of the new rural cooperative medical system and basic medical insurance, adopts the mode of entrusted management, gives play to the advantages of professional management and standardized service, and continuously enhances service efficiency;

　　Actively develop supplementary insurance products that are connected with basic medical security projects, and improve the degree and level of protection for the insured persons of basic medical security.

　　③ Strengthen unified supervision and statistics of business.

　　In 2006, the Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance was promulgated, which is the first professional regulation of health insurance in China. This method unifies the regulatory rules of business entities and clarifies the regulatory requirements of health insurance in business management, product management and sales management.

　　In 2008, the Statistical System of Health Insurance was promulgated to standardize the classification of health insurance and related businesses and unify the statistical caliber.

　　④ Standardize the entrusted management of health insurance.

　　In 2008, the Notice on Matters Related to Entrusted Management of Health Insurance was issued, encouraging insurance companies to accept the entrustment of corporate clients such as government departments, enterprises and institutions, and provide management services such as scheme design, consultation and suggestions, entrusted fund management, medical service investigation, medical expenses audit, reimbursement and payment of medical expenses, sign entrusted management contracts, collect management fees, and not bear the losses and surpluses of entrusted funds.

　　Relevant health insurance policy documents of the former CIRC from 1998 to 2008

　　The third feature: the health insurance market has been greatly expanded, and supervision has introduced more subjects to return to protection.

　　① Property insurance companies enter the field of short-term health insurance.

　　Since 2003, according to the revised Insurance Law, property insurance companies can operate short-term health insurance business with approval, and the market welcomes more participants.

　　By 2008, there were 65 insurance companies engaged in health insurance business (including 46 life insurance companies, 4 professional health insurance companies and 15 property insurance companies).

　　② The first batch of professional health insurance companies achieved initial development.

　　After 2005, PICC Health, Safe Health, Harmonious Health (formerly Ruifu Health) and Kunlun Health were established successively. In 2008, the premiums of the four health insurance companies were 14.07 billion yuan, accounting for 24% of the industry health insurance premiums in that year.

　　Development of professional health insurance companies

　　③ The health insurance can not be designed as dividend insurance because of its return guarantee function.

　　In 2003, the Actuarial Regulations of Individual Dividend Insurance stipulated that health insurance products should not take the form of dividends, which made commercial health insurance products focus on risk protection.

　　For the suspension of dividend-paying health insurance, the regulatory authorities give four reasons:

　　Health insurance is risky and complicated to manage, and it is more difficult to manage the dividend factor, which is not conducive to corporate risk control.

　　The main function of health insurance is protection, but the value-added function is not strong. Consumers should pay attention to its protection function when purchasing health insurance.

　　The suspension of dividend health insurance and the development of non-dividend health insurance are conducive to promoting the return of health insurance to the original intention of protection.

　　There is no dividend health insurance abroad, and foreign-funded companies have not offered dividend health insurance.

　　④ Formulate a unified definition of major diseases in the industry.

　　In 2006, the insurance industry association cooperated with the Chinese Medical Doctor Association to develop the definition of serious illness.

　　In April, 2007, the Standard for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance was issued, which unified and standardized the expressions of the 25 most common diseases, and required that the products with serious diseases sold after August 1, 2007 must use a unified definition of serious diseases.

　　From the experience of countries all over the world, among many diseases guaranteed by critical illness products, there are 3-6 diseases with the highest incidence and claim settlement rate, and these diseases have the greatest impact on the price of critical illness products.

　　In order to give full play to the protection function and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the Standard for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance stipulates that six core diseases (including malignant tumor, acute myocardial infarction, sequela of stroke, major organ transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, coronary artery bypass grafting and end-stage renal disease) must be protected for products with severe diseases in adult stage.

　　The fourth feature: the premium is 50 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 36%, and the proportion of health insurance has doubled.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance has developed rapidly. After the premium exceeded 10 billion in 2001, it exceeded 50 billion yuan in 2008. By the end of 2008, the industry had accumulated 1.13 billion person-times, providing 5.26 billion yuan of health risk protection.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance increased from 2.8 billion yuan in 1998 to 58.55 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 35.5%, which was higher than the growth of GDP and the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 25.8%.

　　The payment of commercial health insurance increased from 1.1 billion yuan in 1999 to 17.53 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 36%, which was higher than the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 23.6%.

　　Premium and growth of commercial health insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in personal insurance doubled from 3.7% in 1998 to 7.9% in 2008.

　　Changes in the proportion of commercial health insurance in personal insurance from 1998 to 2008

　　The fifth feature: health insurance is deeply involved in social governance, and medical insurance management is integrated into the medical insurance system.

　　Since 2001, the insurance industry has taken advantage of its actuarial technology, risk management, claims technology and service network to participate in the new rural cooperative medical system and urban residents in Jiangyin, Jiangsu and Xinxiang, Henan in a socialized way.

　　By 2008, insurance companies such as China Life Insurance and Pacific Life Insurance had participated in the basic medical insurance in 142 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu, Henan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces, serving 34 million people and managing 2.62 billion yuan.

　　The "Jiangyin Model" in the Pacific Ocean and the "Luoyang Model" in China Life have been approved by state leaders and praised by all sectors of society. In addition, the insurance industry has carried out pilot projects of supplementary medical insurance in Xiamen and other places, and provided a large amount of supplementary protection for employees on the basis of basic medical insurance for urban employees.

　　A major feature of this stage: commercial insurance companies handle basic medical insurance, creating an operating mechanism that separates collection, management and supervision.

　　First, it is conducive to the establishment of incentive and restraint mechanisms and supervision and restraint mechanisms. By introducing commercial insurance companies to handle basic medical insurance, the separation of management and management is formed, so that government departments, insurance companies and designated medical institutions can perform their respective duties, which is conducive to establishing effective incentive and restraint mechanisms and inter-agency supervision and restraint mechanisms, and promoting the improvement of medical security operation mechanisms.

　　Second, it is conducive to the realization of the "benefit without cost" handling effect. By purchasing services, the government has reduced the pressure of setting up institutions and personnel, and changed "supporting people to do things" into "doing things without supporting people". At the same time, insurance companies strengthen the supervision of medical behavior and the control of medical expenses, and enlarge the efficiency of fund use. In the long run, by introducing competitive employment mechanism and moderate competition, the total government expenditure can be reduced and the effect of "benefiting without cost" can be achieved.

　　Third, it is conducive to improving service quality and giving play to actuarial advantages. Insurance companies give full play to the advantages of service level and quality, which is conducive to improving people’s satisfaction and government image. At the same time, give full play to the advantages of actuarial technology and assist the government to improve the basic medical insurance compensation and adjustment plan.

　　At this stage, with the comprehensive establishment of the basic medical insurance system and the growth of residents’ income, the total health expenditure has increased rapidly, from 367.87 billion yuan in 1998 to 1,453.54 billion yuan in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 14.7%.

　　With the rapid development of commercial health insurance, the proportion of total health expenditure increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 4% in 2008. The proportion of commercial health insurance payment expenditure to personal health expenditure increased from 0.49% to 3%.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance in total health expenditure from 1998 to 2008

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance payment to personal expense burden from 1998 to 2008

　　The sixth feature: the diversification trend of health insurance product types is obvious.

　　After 2000, disability income loss insurance and nursing insurance products came out one after another, and the types of health insurance products were diversified.

　　For example, in terms of medical insurance, the industry has launched high-end medical insurance to ensure globalization, which has the characteristics of comprehensive protection (not limited to directories and hospitals), high protection (generally more than one million) and excellent service (24-hour hotline service and global emergency rescue, etc.).

　　In critical illness insurance, the industry has launched anti-cancer special insurance.

　　In terms of disability income loss insurance, in November 2008, PICC Health launched "Jinfuli" group disability income loss insurance to protect the income loss of people disabled by diseases and accidental injuries in enterprises and institutions, so that they can maintain their living standards after disability.

　　In terms of long-term care insurance, in 2005, Cathay Life launched "Kangning Long-term Care Health Insurance", which is aimed at young and middle-aged people aged 18-55. By purchasing this product, the insured can prepare nursing care for the elderly when they are financially well-off and healthy.

　　three

　　-Insurance Today-

　　The third step in 38 years: 2009-2019

　　The new medical reform is superimposed on the new technology, and the health insurance has embarked on the fast lane for ten years, and the premium has reached one trillion, which has finally become the most important growth pole.

　　With the help of new medical reform and new technology, health insurance at this stage has entered a stage of rapid development.

　　In 2009, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System" was issued, which started the curtain of medical reform in China, and the policy dividend was released continuously. The development of commercial health insurance entered the fast lane and gradually became an important part of the medical security system.

　　For example, health insurance has become one of the "new forces" in medical reform by fully participating in major illness insurance, health insurance tax preference, long-term care insurance and basic medical insurance handling. The development of commercial health insurance at this stage presents seven characteristics.

　　The first major feature: at the level of national policy support, commercial health insurance is positioned as the "new force" of medical reform.

　　Since the new medical reform in 2009, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to the role of commercial health insurance in the multi-level security system, intensively issued a number of important documents to promote commercial health insurance, and clearly planned the positioning and development of commercial health insurance in a number of heavy documents.

　　"Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Medical and Health System" was promulgated and put forward:

　　Accelerate the establishment and improvement of a multi-level medical security system covering urban and rural residents, with basic medical security as the main body and other forms of supplementary medical insurance and commercial health insurance as supplements.

　　In 2013, the State Council’s Opinions on Promoting the Development of Health Service Industry planned commercial health insurance as the core area of health service industry.

　　In 2014, "Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Modern Insurance Service Industry" positioned commercial health insurance as an important pillar of social security system, the main undertaker of individual and family business security plans, the important provider of health security plans initiated by enterprises and institutions, and the main participant in the market-oriented operation of social insurance.

　　In 2004, "Several Opinions of General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Commercial Health Insurance" positioned commercial health insurance as a "new force" in deepening the reform of medical and health system, developing health service industry and promoting economic upgrading and efficiency upgrading.

　　In 2016, the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline proposed to improve the multi-level medical security system with basic medical security as the main body and other forms of supplementary insurance and commercial health insurance as supplements.

　　The introduction of the above policies has provided important support for promoting the development of commercial health insurance and promoting the integration of commercial health insurance and basic medical insurance.

　　Sorting out the Important Policy Documents in 2009-2019

　　The second major feature: at the regulatory level, the newly revised Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance was issued, and it was positioned as an important part of the multi-level medical security system and an important field for the industry to serve people’s livelihood.

　　In order to further promote and standardize the development of health insurance, in December 2019, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the newly revised Measures for the Administration of Health Insurance. The main revisions and innovations are as follows:

　　First, health insurance is positioned as an important part of the national multi-level medical security system.

　　Second, on the surname "Bao" of health insurance, we insist on the guarantee attribute of health insurance, emphasizing that the purpose of developing health insurance is to improve the people’s health protection level, clarify the product characteristics and requirements of various health insurance products, and incorporate medical accident insurance into the scope of health insurance.

　　Third, in the health insurance surname "Jian", support the combination of health insurance and health management, provide services such as disease prevention and chronic disease management, reduce health risks and reduce disease losses.

　　Fourth, in the era of promoting industrial development and adapting to the times, health insurance products are encouraged to provide protection for new medical methods, new drugs and new devices, support medical progress and promote the development of health industry. Comply with the characteristics of the Internet era, and support the convenience of health insurance contract performance through digital technology and other means.

　　Fifth, in supporting the long-term medical insurance, it is clear that the long-term medical insurance can adjust the rate to cope with the rising medical expenses caused by the change of disease spectrum and the progress of medical technology, and support the development of the health insurance product structure in the long-term direction.

　　In order to standardize the development and sales of long-term medical insurance products with adjustable rates and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, the General Office of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Notice on Issues Concerning the Adjustment of Long-term Medical Insurance Products’ Rates on March 25th.

　　In addition, in 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Experience Incidence Table of Major Diseases in China Life Insurance Industry (2006-2010), including two tables of experience incidence of 6 diseases (male tables, female tables) and two tables of experience incidence of 25 diseases (male tables, female tables).

　　This table of incidence of serious diseases, which is used for product pricing and liability reserve evaluation, has played an important role in promoting the rapid development of critical illness insurance in recent years.

　　The third major feature: promoting the full coverage of major illness insurance for urban and rural residents and achieving strict supervision.

　　In August 2012, six ministries and commissions, including the National Development and Reform Commission and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission, jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Carrying out Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents, implemented the serious illness insurance system, and made it clear that serious illness insurance is an extension of basic medical insurance, an institutional arrangement to further protect the high medical expenses incurred by seriously ill patients on the basis of basic medical insurance, and adopted the way of purchasing serious illness insurance from commercial insurance institutions.

　　On July 22nd, 2015, the State Council Conference decided to fully implement the serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China put forward:

　　Using part of social security funds to buy commercial insurance and enlarge the multiple advantage is a new path with characteristics and effectiveness that we have explored in medical reform.

　　The combination of social security and commercial insurance is a major innovation to continuously deepen medical reform.

　　Since 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission has successively issued the following documents: Rules for Compiling Solvency Reports of Insurance Companies-Answers No.14: Minimum Capital for Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents; Interim Measures for the Management of Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents of Insurance Companies; Notice on Exempting Insurance Companies from Supervision Fees for Operating Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents; Statistical System for Serious Illness Insurance, etc., to strictly supervise insurance companies’ serious illness insurance business, while reducing solvency requirements and exempting supervision fees. In addition, the former CIRC also instructed the insurance industry association to issue the "model clauses of medical insurance for serious illness groups of urban and rural residents (types A and B)".

　　In October 2016, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued five systems, including the Interim Measures for the Bidding Management of Serious Illness Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents of Insurance Companies, which put forward more clear and detailed requirements for insurance companies to participate in the bidding management, service standards, financial accounting, risk adjustment and market withdrawal of serious illness insurance, and promoted the comprehensive promotion of the serious illness insurance system to standardization and perfection.

　　Regulatory requirements of the former CIRC on major illness insurance for urban and rural residents

　　In March 2013, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission announced the list of major illness insurance business qualifications, and a total of 34 insurance companies obtained business qualifications (17 personal insurance companies and 17 property insurance companies).

　　In February, 2019, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission adjusted the list of business qualifications for serious illness insurance according to the relevant regulations and the situation since the business was launched. There were 17 life insurance companies and 15 property insurance companies operating serious illness insurance. Five companies (Taikang Pension, Soochow Life Insurance, Auspicious Life Insurance, Lian Life Insurance and Guoyuan Agriculture) have newly entered the list, and another seven companies have been adjusted (mainly because they have not carried out serious illness insurance business after obtaining qualifications).

　　Through the serious illness insurance system, the actual reimbursement rate of seriously ill patients is increased by 10%-15% on the basis of basic medical insurance, which greatly alleviates the problem that urban and rural residents become poor and return to poverty due to illness. By the end of 2019, a total of 18 insurance companies had undertaken business, covering 1.16 billion people, and the premium scale exceeded 70 billion yuan.

　　The fourth feature: the introduction of tax-excellent health insurance system.

　　On May 6, 2015, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to give personal income tax preference to commercial health insurance on a pilot basis, and use more resources to better protect people’s livelihood.

　　Later, the Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission and other ministries and commissions issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Personal Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance and the Notice on Implementing the Pilot Work of Personal Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance, and determined the beneficiary groups, preferential standards, pilot areas, demonstration clauses and other matters.

　　The former CIRC issued the Interim Measures for the Management of Personal Tax Preferential Health Insurance Business, which clarified the requirements of insurance companies in terms of business qualifications, products, business, finance, system and information disclosure.

　　In January 2016, the former General Office of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Notice on Issues Related to Personal Tax Preferential Health Insurance Business and the Notice on the Official Launch of Commercial Health Insurance Information Platform, which clearly defined the issues related to personal tax preferential health insurance, put forward requirements for product approval, tax preferential identification code, business promotion, business supervision, online content of commercial health insurance information platform, online docking process with health insurance platform and communication mechanism, and officially started the pilot work of tax preferential health insurance.

　　Relevant ministries and commissions have implemented a number of documents on tax-preferential health insurance.

　　Since February 2016, the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC) has published a list of six batches of 30 insurance companies that have obtained tax-excellent health insurance qualifications. Insurance companies that have obtained business qualifications actively develop exclusive products and promote the pilot implementation of tax-excellent health insurance policies.

　　On April 19th, 2017, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to extend the tax-preferential health insurance policy from 31 pilot cities to the whole country from July 1st, 2017. On April 28th, 2017, the Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Individual Income Tax Policy for Commercial Health Insurance, which extended the tax-preferential health insurance policy to the whole country.

　　By the end of 2019, there were 420,000 tax-excellent health insurance policies in effect, with a cumulative premium of 1.57 billion. Among them, in 2019, there were 342,601 effective policies (101,304 new effective policies), and the paid-in premium was 577 million yuan (304 million new effective policy premiums).

　　The fifth feature: the integration of "great health" continues to advance.

　　In-depth cooperation of "health insurance" and "health service": insurance companies further strengthen cooperation with medical, physical examination and nursing institutions;

　　On the one hand, it provides health risk assessment, physical examination, health consultation and other services for the insured in health products;

　　On the other hand, by exerting the control power of the payer, strengthening the supervision of medical behavior and controlling medical expenses, and promoting the standardization of medical service behavior.

　　Capital investment of "insurance fund" and "health industry": By investing in the health industry, insurance companies can build a "big health" industrial chain, service chain and ecological circle covering health insurance, health services, medical care and old-age communities, effectively extending the space for health insurance protection, service and investment, which can not only promote the development of main business, deepen service connotation, strengthen risk management and control, but also extend the investment chain, form diversified profits and enhance competitive advantage.

　　"Great health" has become an important strategic choice for major insurance companies to establish and consolidate their competitive advantages.

　　For example, Taikang Group built a "big health industry ecosystem".

　　China Life established the Big Health Industry Fund and started to build a healthy layout of "insurance+medical care";

　　Ping An Group focuses on the two strategies of "big financial assets" and "big medical health".

　　Reverse cross-border aspects of "health industry" and "health insurance": health service giants have started the extensive layout of medical health industry, such as Fosun Group’s cross-border entry into the health insurance market and obtaining the license of professional health insurance company; Companies such as Mei Nianda Health are also actively applying for health insurance company licenses.

　　Through the layout of commercial health insurance, it interacts with medical insurance fee control, chronic disease management and disease prevention, which may lead to a new business model.

　　The sixth feature: critical illness insurance and millions of medical insurance have become popular types of insurance.

　　(1) critical illness insurance continues to enrich.

　　For insurance companies, critical illness insurance has high new business value, is easy for sales staff to sell, and the average premium is appropriate, which is easy for customers to accept, and has become the main sales product of the industry security category.

　　During this period, the number of critical illness insurance products of various insurance companies generally follows the practice of "the more the better" (the incidence of 25 standard critical illnesses exceeds 95%), and the proportion of products with 70-100 types of critical illness has increased significantly.

　　At the same time, companies have launched multiple (the insured diseases are divided into several groups, and each group of diseases can be paid once) and multiple (the insured diseases can be paid multiple times without grouping) products.

　　In addition to severe cases, the responsibilities of mild and moderate diseases are introduced. On March 31st, 2020, the insurance industry association solicited opinions from the industry on the Revised Code for the Use of Disease Definitions in critical illness insurance (Draft for Comment), introduced the definition of mild diseases for the first time, improved and expanded the original definition of 25 severe diseases to 28 severe diseases and 3 mild diseases, and appropriately expanded the coverage.

　　② Million medical insurance has become a product of online celebrity.

　　Millions of medical insurance is a major innovation in the commercial health insurance market in recent years. By setting a higher out-of-pocket amount (generally 10,000 yuan), expanding leverage and increasing the amount of protection, the shortcomings of high medical expenses in the medical security system are made up.

　　This product provides a higher insurance coverage at a lower premium, which is of great significance to meet the people’s medical security needs and improve the market structure of health insurance products.

　　Millions of medical insurance products have simple design and clear product responsibilities, and are mainly sold through the Internet platform, which conforms to the consumption habits in the Internet era, which is one of the reasons for its rapid development.

　　In 2018, the premium scale reached 17 billion yuan, and it is expected to reach about 30 billion yuan in 2019.

　　The seventh feature: health insurance has become an important growth pole and business sector in the insurance industry, accounting for a significant increase in the total health expenditure and personal health expenditure.

　　In recent years, the premium of commercial health insurance has developed rapidly. After the premium exceeded 100 billion yuan in 2013, it exceeded 200 billion yuan, 400 billion yuan and 500 billion yuan in 2015, 2016 and 2018.

　　By the end of 2019, the industry health insurance premium exceeded 700 billion yuan.

　　It took 12 years (from 2002 to 2013) and 2 years (from 2013 to 2015) for the health insurance premium of the insurance industry to reach 100 billion yuan. At present, the annual net growth is hundreds of billions of yuan.

　　The premium of commercial health insurance increased rapidly from 57.4 billion yuan in 2009 to 706.6 billion yuan in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 28.5%, much higher than the growth of GDP and the average annual growth rate of personal insurance of 13.9%.

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums to personal insurance increased from 6.9% in 2009 to 23.2% in 2019 (see Table 12), and the proportion increased significantly.

　　At the same time, the density and depth of commercial health insurance have been significantly improved, from 43 yuan per person and 0.16% in 2009 to 504.7 yuan and 0.71% in 2019.

　　The compensation amount of commercial health insurance increased from 21.7 billion yuan in 2009 to 235.1 billion yuan in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 26.9%, which was 15.2% higher than that of personal insurance. The proportion of commercial health insurance claims to personal insurance has also increased from 14% to 36.8% (see Table 14).

　　Regardless of the proportion of business or compensation, commercial health insurance has become an important growth pole and business segment of personal insurance.

　　The growth of commercial health insurance and the proportion of personal insurance in 2009-2019

　　Density and depth of commercial health insurance in 2009-2019

　　Payment of commercial health insurance and proportion of life insurance in 2009-2019

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in total health expenditure increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 9.4% (see Table 15). The proportion of commercial health insurance claims to personal health expenditure increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 10.3% (see Table 16). The value of commercial health insurance in the financing and payment of total health expenditure has been strengthened year by year.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance premium to total health expenditure in 2009-2019

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance payment to personal health expenditure in 2009-2019

　　The proportion of commercial health insurance premiums in basic medical insurance (including urban workers, urban and rural residents and the new rural cooperative medical system) fund income increased from 12.4% in 2009 to 30.3% (see Table 17). The proportion of commercial health insurance claims in the basic medical insurance fund expenditure increased from 5.8% in 2009 to 11.8% (see Table 16). By the end of 2019, through the development of critical illness insurance and other businesses, the insurance industry has accumulated more than 1.1 trillion yuan of long-term health insurance risk reserve for the insured.

　　Commercial health insurance accounted for the proportion of basic medical insurance in 2009-2019.

　　four

　　-Insurance Today-

　　Based on the current trillion-dollar period, this paper analyzes the five characteristics of health insurance business in 2019.

　　In 2019, China’s health insurance premium income was 706.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 29.7%, accounting for 23.2% of the personal insurance business, an increase of 3.2 percentage points over the previous year. The following is a multi-dimensional analysis of the data related to health insurance business in 2019, and summarizes five characteristics.

　　The first feature: the scale of health insurance premium is expected to reach one trillion yuan in 2021, exceeding the scale of auto insurance, and it will keep pace with property insurance in 2025.

　　According to the current premium growth rate, it is estimated that the scale will reach one trillion yuan in 2021.

　　In the past five years, the average annual growth rates of health insurance, auto insurance and property insurance were 30.8%, 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. According to this rate, health insurance premiums are expected to exceed auto insurance in 2020 (at the latest in 2021).

　　Meanwhile, from 2015 to 2019, the ratio of commercial health insurance to property insurance increased from 30.2% to 60.7%. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and other 13 ministries and commissions’ Opinions on Promoting the Development of Commercial Insurance in the Social Service Field put forward that commercial health insurance will exceed 2 trillion yuan by 2025, and the average annual growth rate will be maintained at 19% in the next six years.

　　It is expected that the business scale of commercial health insurance and property insurance will basically keep pace.

　　The growth of commercial health insurance, auto insurance and property insurance in recent five years

　　In fact, in the first two months of 2020, health insurance premiums have surpassed auto insurance premiums, and the leading edge has reached 30 billion yuan.

　　The second feature: health insurance premiums of personal insurance companies account for nearly 90% (among which professional health insurance companies account for about 5%). In recent years, property insurance companies have grown faster, and the introduction of long-term medical insurance may change the trend.

　　In 2019, in the commercial health insurance business, the premiums of life insurance companies were 622.57 billion yuan, accounting for 88.1%; The premium of property insurance companies was 84.03 billion yuan, accounting for 11.9%.

　　In recent years, large property insurance companies (such as PICC P&C) have vigorously developed government medical insurance business, while Internet property insurance companies such as Zhongan and Taikang Online have vigorously developed millions of medical insurance, which has greatly promoted the development of short-term health insurance business.

　　In the past three years, the premium growth of health insurance business of property insurance companies has exceeded that of life insurance companies, which has promoted its proportion to increase continuously (the market share has increased by 4.4 percentage points in the past decade).

　　Because property insurance companies can only operate short-term health insurance business, but not long-term health insurance business, especially the regulatory authorities support the long-term health insurance. With the introduction of long-term medical insurance products by personal insurance companies based on the Notice on Issues Related to the Adjustment of Long-term Medical Insurance Product Rates, it is expected that some million medical treatments will be converted into long-term medical insurance products, which will have a long-term impact on the development of health insurance business of property insurance companies.

　　Proportion of commercial health insurance premiums of personal insurance companies and property insurance companies

　　In 2019, the total premiums of seven professional health insurance companies (PICC Health, Ping An Health, Harmony Health, Kunlun Health, Taibao Allianz Health, Fosun United Health and Ruihua Health) were 34.37 billion yuan, accounting for 5.5% of the health insurance premium income of life insurance companies and 4.9% of the industry health insurance premium.

　　Among them, PICC health premium income was 22.42 billion yuan, accounting for 65.2% of health insurance companies.

　　The third feature: Long-term health insurance continues to grow rapidly, and the premium exceeds 400 billion yuan; Short-term health insurance has maintained rapid growth, with premiums exceeding 200 billion yuan.

　　In 2019, the long-term health insurance premium income was 467.85 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 26.6%, accounting for 66.2%; Short-term health insurance premium income was 238.74 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.3%, accounting for 33.8%.

　　In recent years, with the accelerated transformation of the industry and the strengthening of the development of security products, long-term health insurance (mainly in critical illness insurance) has developed rapidly; With the rapid development of urban and rural residents’ serious illness insurance and millions of medical insurance, short-term health insurance is also booming.

　　Proportion of long-term health insurance and short-term health insurance business

　　The fourth feature: health insurance is mainly personal business, accounting for 3/4; Group health insurance business accounts for 1/4.

　　Personal health insurance business continued to grow rapidly, further occupying a dominant position. In 2019, the premium income was 535.55 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.0%, accounting for 75.8%; The premium income of group health insurance business was 171.05 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.7%, accounting for 24.2%.

　　From 2015 to 2019, the proportion of personal health insurance business has further increased, mainly because it is mainly long-term health insurance, and the proportion of renewal business has gradually increased, which is conducive to its scale expansion.

　　Proportion of personal health insurance and group health insurance business

　　The fifth feature: health insurance is mainly sickness insurance and medical insurance, accounting for 99%; Nursing insurance and disability income loss insurance only account for 1%.

　　In 2019, from the perspective of business insurance, the premium income of sickness insurance was 455.23 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.1%, accounting for 64.4%. Long-term critical illness insurance products have both new single premium and renewal premium, which has snowballing effect.

　　Medical insurance premium income was 244.22 billion yuan, up 32.2% year-on-year, accounting for 34.6%, and it has maintained a growth rate of about 30% for five years.

　　In recent years, the comprehensive coverage of urban and rural residents’ serious illness insurance and the increase of premiums, as well as the rapid rise of millions of medical insurance, have promoted the rapid development of medical insurance business.

　　Nursing insurance premium income was 6.54 billion yuan, up 66.8% year-on-year, accounting for 0.9%.

　　Financial management nursing insurance products (the premium in 2016 was 120.8 billion yuan) which made rapid progress in previous years, with the background of strict supervision, rectification of short-term and medium-term products, and industry return guarantee, the premium has shrunk dramatically and basically withdrawn from the market.

　　The rapid growth of nursing insurance in 2019 was mainly due to the insurance companies’ extensive participation in the premium income of government basic nursing insurance.

　　The insurance premium income of disability income loss was 610 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 14.1%, accounting for 0.1%.

　　In recent years, the premium of disability income loss insurance has been between hundreds of millions, accounting for about 0.1%, which is basically negligible.

　　Proportion of four business types of commercial health insurance

　　postscript

　　Looking to the future, looking for 8 key links in the long-term development of 2 trillion health insurance.

　　From the practice of commercial health insurance for more than 30 years, the long-term development of health insurance needs double efforts:

　　On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen professional ability and quality service to provide diversified and multi-level health care options for urban and rural residents;

　　On the other hand, it should be fully integrated into the construction of medical security system and get policy support.

　　The first key link: fully integrated into the construction of medical security system.

　　The establishment and perfection of the medical security system is an important driving force for the development of commercial health insurance, and the continuous improvement of the basic medical insurance system in China is also an important foundation and support for the medical security construction of commercial health insurance services.

　　In recent years, the insurance industry has significantly expanded its service field by comprehensively carrying out supplementary business and handling business of basic medical insurance.

　　Looking to the future, the insurance industry should participate in the basic medical insurance in more fields, with greater intensity and depth, and fully and deeply participate in the long-term care insurance, payment mode reform (DRG), flight inspection, medical insurance fee control and other handling services.

　　The second key link: the need for further policy support and development environment.

　　Commercial health insurance business has strong policy, which is highly related and closely linked with the medical security system. Therefore, only with the strong support of policies can the vitality of health insurance in generate be fully realized.

　　For example, the state has introduced a preferential tax policy for purchasing supplementary medical insurance, which has significantly promoted the development of the group health insurance market; Through the personal tax preferential health insurance policy, the residents’ awareness of protection has been significantly improved.

　　In the future, the development of health insurance still needs to fully rely on the joint efforts of government guidance and policy support and the market-oriented operation of insurance companies, so that more urban and rural residents can enjoy the diversified protection of health insurance. In fact, only by fully relying on the government to create a good development environment can health insurance achieve sound and rapid development.

　　At the same time, the development of commercial health insurance can effectively mobilize social resources to participate in the construction of the medical insurance system, prevent the people from pinning their hopes and hopes on the basic medical insurance system, release the pressure on the basic medical insurance system, and play the role of "stabilizer" and "pressure regulating valve" of the medical insurance system.

　　The third key link: need new technology+professional management.

　　Commercial health insurance is obviously different from life insurance business and property insurance business in product development, risk management and control, information system and customer service, so it must be professionally operated.

　　Risk management and control is the "lifeline" of the continuous operation of health insurance. It should be integrated into sales, underwriting, daily management, claims and other links to build a whole-process and all-round risk management and control system, so as to reduce the payout ratio of health insurance and improve operating efficiency.

　　The continuous development of innovative technologies will become a booster for the rapid development of the health insurance industry, which will promote development through innovative technologies represented by artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data and cloud computing at the customer, channel, operation, product, risk control and system level.

　　The application of new technology will bring about changes in health insurance sales, risk control, system and management service mode. Personalized, scene-based, inclusive and mutual-aid health insurance products are expected to accelerate development.

　　The fourth key link: to play a greater role.

　　With the acceleration of aging society and urbanization, the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and the release of medical security needs, the health insurance market has great potential.

　　Therefore, the industry should further increase the input of resources and improve the management level and professional ability. The role of health insurance includes five aspects:

　　First, an active participant in the socialized operation of basic medical insurance;

　　Second, the main undertaker of personal and family business health protection plan;

　　Third, it is an important provider of enterprise business health protection plan;

　　Fourth, it is a powerful promoter of the rapid development of health service industry;

　　Fifth, a staunch supporter of the construction of "Healthy China".

　　The fifth key link: increase tax support and release the market potential of health insurance.

　　Preferential tax policy is the main lever to promote the development of health insurance, which can transform potential demand into real purchasing power. Encourage society, enterprises and individuals to pay close attention to health protection and release effective demand;

　　First, comprehensively summarize and sort out the pilot practice of tax-preferential health insurance, improve policies, expand product range, make full use of tax-preferential leverage, and expand more and better health insurance products to the tax-preferential scope.

　　Second, it is suggested to further clarify the definition and coverage of "supplementary medical insurance" in the enterprise tax preferential policy, and to study and further improve the tax preferential ratio.

　　The sixth key link: deepen medical insurance cooperation and improve the healthy development of commercial health insurance.

　　① On the basis of effectively protecting personal privacy and information security, integrate and establish a medical data sharing and updating mechanism, and build a "big data" platform for medical health, so that commercial insurance can play its actuarial advantage and realize scientific pricing.

　　② The Opinions on Promoting the Development of Commercial Insurance in Social Services proposes to explore the information sharing between the commercial health insurance information platform and the national medical insurance information platform according to regulations. It is suggested that the relevant ministries and commissions of the state should speed up the implementation of policies, promote commercial insurance institutions to catch up with the "National Medical Insurance Information Expressway", realize one-stop settlement of commercial insurance, facilitate customers, reduce the transaction cost of claims, strengthen the application of medical and health big data, enrich risk control means and improve the efficiency of fee control.

　　(3) As the main third-party payment institution, give play to the restrictive role of health insurance on medical services and medical expenses, and support it to participate in hospital quality supervision and evaluation, medical service pricing and other activities, so as to form a joint force of supervision with social medical insurance and optimize the utilization efficiency of medical resources.

　　The seventh key link: realize the transformation of government functions and promote the participation of commercial insurance in basic medical insurance management.

　　According to the new institutional economics, the key to decide whether the government directly produces or buys services in the market is the transaction cost.

　　Expenditure on public goods does not mean that costs and benefits need not be considered, and the efficiency of government financial input should also be emphasized for social medical insurance. In the process of handling basic medical insurance, the insurance industry should give full play to its comparative advantages and enlarge the efficiency of the use of basic medical insurance funds.

　　There are two main spaces for insurance companies to handle basic medical insurance: one is stock business, and the other is incremental business.

　　Therefore, we should take advantage of the opportunity to encourage the purchase of services and control the establishment of public institutions, and the industry should first participate in incremental business, and then gradually strive for stock business.

　　The eighth key link: vigorously develop various types of health insurance, and promote the health insurance from health protection to the combination of "health protection+health promotion"

　　In developed countries such as the United States, commercial health insurance, as an important payer of medical expenses, is changing its role from "passive claim settlement" to "whole process health management".

　　China commercial health insurance contributes to the strategy of "Healthy China", giving full play to the unique position of commercial health insurance in contacting customers, medical institutions, health management institutions and nursing institutions, providing customers with comprehensive protection products such as medical treatment, illness, rehabilitation and care, as well as all-round health care services, and taking the road of "health insurance". So as to achieve "the healthier the patient, the healthier the commercial insurance will be".

　　After nearly 38 years of development, commercial health insurance has once again shown the momentum of flying.

　　The above is only given to the 2 trillion health insurance in 2025.

　　(Source of this article: public information and industry exchange data compiled by the author)

This article was first published on WeChat WeChat official account: Today’s Insurance. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

Grace Chow issued a document announcing the breakup, pointing out that the man was unfaithful to his feelings.

1905 movie network news On April 23rd, Grace Chow posted a long article on the social platform announcing that she had broken up with her boyfriend Show Lo, who had been in love for nine years, and said that the reason for breaking up was that she found that she had cheated on her more than once when looking at her mobile phone. Grace Chow said that Show Lo "dates different girls almost every day" and "has a long-term unfair relationship with her female artists and makeup artists", and all kinds of performances made her completely desperate for this relationship, so she resolutely chose to cut off her love affair.

After Grace Chow posted the article, the topic of the two immediately set off a hot search list. Many netizens came to the comment area to "uphold justice" for the woman, and cursed Show Lo "love rat", saying that her former affectionate person in film and television dramas had completely collapsed.

Show Lo, who made her debut as a singer in her early years, was once known to the audience because of her participation in the popular Taiwan Province idol drama. In recent years, she has gained popularity because of the variety "Extreme Challenge", movies and so on.

Show Lo often shows people with affectionate male actors and funny positive roles in his film and television works. Now when looking back at these works, it is inevitable that there are some ironies. How many of his works have you seen?

In 2006, Show Lo cooperated with Big S in the TV series "Love Around the Corner", in which he played the role of Qin Lang, a warm and kind dream-chasing teenager, who took good care of the hostess and was once regarded as the "Bai Yueguang" male host in Taiwan Province idol drama.

In 2009, a film "Shanghai Sweetheart" deeply imprinted "Mushroom Head Lin Dalang" in the audience’s mind, and Show Lo created the image of a simple and shy boy.

In 2013, Show Lo played "kong xu gong zi" in Stephen Chow’s Journey to the West, and the humorous conversation between him and his maid and the phrase "emptiness or kidney deficiency" also became the classic memory points of the film.

In 2016, Show Lo once again participated in the movie "The Mermaid" by Xingye, which played the role of "Myna", an octopus with unrequited love for a mermaid (Jelly Lin), and was a think tank among mermaids.

In the same year, the variety show "Extreme Challenge" was launched in the first season. As a member of the "Top Men’s Gang", Show Lo was widely loved by the audience with the role of "Beauty Luo". So far, the program has been recorded into the sixth season, which has brought great popularity and voice to Show Lo. Since then, he has also appeared in the film version of Extreme Challenge.

In 2017, Show Lo co-starred with Jackie Chan and Nana Ou-yang in the film, which played a high-tech criminal with a mysterious identity.

This breakup event may reshuffle the audience’s cognition of Show Lo’s "deep feelings for people". Many netizens shouted "Three Views Subversion" and "Unbelievable" after reading Grace Chow’s long article. Show Lo himself has not yet made a formal response to the incident.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is a strategic decision based on achieving the goal of the second century, overall development and security, and a strategic deployment to grasp the initiative of future development. Facts have fully proved that in order to develop in a more uncertain and unstable world, we must speed up the construction of a new development pattern, fully promote the high-quality development of China’s economy, continuously enhance China’s viability, competitiveness, development and sustainability, and ensure the goal of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way.

　　Cultural tourism consumption is an important force to stimulate domestic demand. The picture shows that on March 14, 2023, tourists visited the East Lake Sakura Garden in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wu Zhizun/photo

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the only way to promote Chinese modernization. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that building a new development pattern has clarified the path choice of China’s economic modernization. Chinese-style modernization is an unprecedented great cause. China’s population of more than 1.4 billion has stepped into a modern society as a whole, exceeding the total population of existing developed countries, which will greatly change the development pattern of world modernization, and its arduousness and complexity are unprecedented. Only by speeding up the construction of a new development pattern, continuously enhancing the endogenous power and reliability of domestic large-scale circulation, and continuously improving the quality and level of international circulation, can we consolidate the foundation of China’s economic development, effectively deal with all kinds of foreseeable and unpredictable risk challenges on the road ahead, and ensure the steady and far-reaching modernization of Chinese style.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the strategic basis for promoting high-quality development. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that high-quality development should realize the smooth circulation of production, circulation, distribution and consumption. To realize the unimpeded economic cycle, it is necessary to organically combine the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening the structural reform on the supply side, and both the supply and demand sides should make efforts and coordinate at the same time. At present, China is in a critical period of consumption expansion and upgrading, industrial optimization and upgrading, which puts forward higher requirements for promoting the unimpeded economic cycle and realizing the dynamic balance and benign interaction between supply and demand. Only by accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, implementing the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, and promoting a virtuous circle of production, distribution, circulation and consumption, can we achieve higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable and safer development.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is an inevitable choice to grasp the initiative of development. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that building a new development pattern is an inevitable choice to meet the requirements of the new stage of China’s development and to shape new advantages in international cooperation and competition. From the perspective of domestic demand potential, China has a population of more than 1.4 billion and a middle-income group of more than 400 million. It is a huge consumer market with the most development potential in the world. From the perspective of supply capacity, China has a solid material foundation, rich human resources, a strong scientific research team, abundant capital accumulation and the most complete industrial system, which has laid a solid foundation for improving China’s attractiveness to global factor resources and its influence in the global industrial chain supply chain innovation chain. Generally speaking, as a super-large-scale economy, China has a vast domestic demand market and a strong supply system, and has the foundation and ability to achieve internal recycling. Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is a "first move" for us to firmly grasp the strategic initiative, which is conducive to giving full play to China’s "great power advantage", shaping a strong domestic economic circulation system and a stable basic disk, and enabling China to take the initiative in building a strong country and national rejuvenation in the fierce international competition.

　　Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is an inevitable requirement for overall development and security. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that security is the premise of development and development is the guarantee of security. In recent years, the world’s unprecedented great changes have accelerated its evolution, the international power has been profoundly adjusted, the game between big countries has become increasingly fierce, and the international environment has become more complicated. At the same time, promoting peace and development is still the common aspiration of the people of all countries. With the rapid advancement of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the global innovation landscape has been reconstructed, and the international division of labor system and global value chain have been reshaped. Only by accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, enhancing the endogenous power and reliability of the domestic macro-cycle, enhancing the attraction and driving force for the international cycle, better realizing mutual benefit and win-win with the smooth flow of the international cycle, and promoting the building of a community of human destiny, can we ensure the stable and healthy operation of China’s economy and the overall stability of society, better safeguard our own security and common security, and better implement global development initiatives, global security initiatives and global civilization initiatives.

Special feature of 1905 film network The 41st Toronto International Film Festival welcomed several film emperors. After Xiao Li quietly promoted his environmental documentary on the red carpet, another king-level film emperor, Matthew McConaughey, came to support his second animated film with great interest.

　

Mark is in a good mood on the red carpet.

　

The Chinese translation of "SING" is quite funny. Originally named SING, it is an animated feature film produced by the behind-the-scenes lighting entertainment team in Minions and distributed by Universal Pictures worldwide.

　

The story takes place in a small urban town. The residents of this place are all animals. A koala named Buster Moon was fascinated by stage plays and musicals since he was a child. When he grew up, he bought the oldest theater in the town, but his business was bleak and he was facing bankruptcy. But this is not an ordinary koala gnawing eucalyptus leaves. Determined to revive the theater business, he came up with the idea of singing contest, hoping to attract the whole town residents to visit the theater again through the performance of the contest. As everyone knows, the old lizard secretary mistyped the prize money into 100 thousand dollars, which attracted thousands of people to participate and made a farce … … After koalas can’t pay bonuses, they are reduced to selling themselves to wash cars, and the jokes are constant.

The film has been dubbed by many A-list movie stars.

Reese witherspoon, Scarlett Johansson, taron egerton and many other A-list movie stars were called to voice a housewife sow, a rebellious hedgehog and a hooligan orangutan respectively, and many popular songs were sung. Matthew McConaughey voiced the koala. In the film, his magnetic voice was relatively high and young, which successfully filtered out the sense of vicissitudes and made the koala look particularly sunny and lovely.

Matthew McConaughey’s koala is very sunny.

McDonnell’s wife and children watched the premiere with popcorn, which made Mark, a husband and father, very pleased. He said that he was "selfish" in dubbing Sing.

McConaughey is on the red carpet.

1905: You have never been involved in cartoons before. This year, you voiced two cartoons in one breath. Is this related to your children?

McConaughey: Absolutely. As a father, I feel I have to do something for my children for two reasons. First of all, my children can watch more cartoons; Secondly, my friends always ask me if my children have seen any of my films, and I always prevaricate, because all my films are not suitable for children, so my children really have never seen my films. So, now that I can voice these excellent cartoons, my children can finally see my movies, and my status at home is a little higher (laughs). For myself, I think when dubbing cartoons, I can use my imagination to get into the characters more quickly, such as the koala in Sing. After reading the script, I know that he is a positive koala, which doesn’t need my body language to explain. Moreover, dubbing is a very casual job. I don’t have to dress up, just wear it and go to the recording studio until the director is satisfied. I’ve lived for 46 years, and I’ve made many drama films that can only be seen by adults, but I always think that children’s imagination is the richest. If I can treat myself as an 8-year-old child every day, I will act more creatively, look at the whole world from the children’s point of view, and see everything as if it were the first time, then we will find more beautiful things.

　

1905: Didn’t a film ask you to dub it before?

McConaughey: Believe it or not, no one is looking for me. After the baby was born, I was looking for a cartoon that suited me, but I never found it.

　

1905: Are there any similarities or differences between the creative processes of Jiubao and Erxuanqin and Sing?

McConaughey: The creative process of the two cartoons is quite different. Lycra uses stop-motion animation, and I still don’t have the brain capacity to fully understand the high-end technology used in lighting and entertainment. I sometimes write some scripts, and maybe some of them are very suitable for animation. I have been making live-action movies, and my understanding of reality was subverted when I watched animation companies do animation. Opening an animated script is like opening a door to an infinite world. I admire this idea very much.

McConaughey is at work

1905: In the movie, this koala likes entertainment very much. His childhood fascination with stage plays made him want to engage in this career all his life. Did you have similar experiences as a child?

McConaughey: My experience seems to be the other way around. I watched my first movie when I was 17 years old. I didn’t watch TV much at home, and I didn’t get much exposure to entertainment content. I liked sports and outdoor activities since I was a child, rather than sitting at home or watching movies in the cinema. It wasn’t until I was 18 years old that I really started studying movies, and then I fell in love with movies. Many people ask me what my favorite movie is, and my answer is always the second one, which makes them very surprised. That was the first movie I saw, which had a great influence on me, and it was also a very simple memory. I remember when I saw that the heroine and King Kong could not be together, I cried. I will always remember the feeling of pure romance.

1976 editionKing kong

　

1905: There are many songs in Sing that people can’t help but hum along. Do you usually sing some little songs?

McConaughey: I can sing some irrelevant tunes, most of which are improvised by myself. I beat myself while singing, and it’s usually something I’m in a good mood, hum. My mobile phone is always on, not because I want to make a phone call, but because I want to record the tunes I hum. My son practices the piano well, and when he plays, I will also record it, hoping to collect his original works in my mobile phone.

　

1905: You said that you didn’t watch many movies when you were a child. What about picture books? Or cartoons?

McConaughey: I like the first one (Jungle Book) and the Song of South in the 1940s. I was deeply impressed by the wolf boy Maukley and the brown bear Balu, and they had a magical and even magical feeling.

　

1905: Koala is a national treasure of Australia. You once lived in Australia for a period of time. Please share your experience at that time.

McConaughey: I had 11 wonderful jobs when I was in Australia. I used to be an assistant to a barrister, and later I worked as a mechanic to repair ships. I also worked as an assistant to golfers and an employee of banks in Australia and New Zealand.

　

1905: The characters in Sing are all animals. If you could become an animal, what would it be?

McConaughey: Leopard. When I was a child, I always dreamed of being a leopard, not a nightmare, but an inspirational dream.

　

1905: It’s been more than two years since you won the Oscar. Has your career changed?

McConaughey: I’ve got a lot of scripts and a wide choice, which makes me confident. When I first entered the entertainment industry, I accepted any role as long as there was a performance job. Now, I can calm down and carefully analyze all kinds of opportunities, not for the result but for the process. Of course, I also hope that every work has good grades, but I find that the more I devote myself to the process of the project, the more gratifying the result will be. Therefore, when I shoot a movie now, I will carefully analyze the characters, analyze the trend of the characters in the story, and participate in every stage of production.

McConaughey founded his own course at the University of Texas.

1905: You founded your own course at the University of Texas. Can you tell me about it?

McConaughey: After more than 20 years in the film and television industry, I realized that I really want to teach a new generation of filmmakers something behind the scenes. This course is called "From Script to Screen". There is often a great difference between what is written in the script and the vision presented in the final film. A film will undergo many changes in the middle of production, such as the addition and deletion of the plot, the free play of the actors and the director’s choice of editing. My teaching goal is to let these children in the film department understand the scientific truth behind their artistic creation. In the first class of the whole course, I will give the students a script first, and they will introduce to the class what style they intend to make the story according to their own judgment. Then, I will make some changes to this script, and students need to think again whether they want to shoot the script before the revision. Often they will have brand-new views and attempts, so that they will learn practical knowledge in the real film industry. Sometimes, a seemingly small story will turn into a very important scene in the end.

McConaughey is expected to be another Oscar finalist.

[Xiaobian Insertion] McConaughey said that the support of his wife and family is the driving force that he has always dared to challenge himself. However, McConaughey, who keeps making movies every year, still has time to be a cook and an otaku. He likes to cook at home, and his best skill is the rib-eye steak with a thickness of 4.1 cm. This year’s Christmas schedule, McConaughey has released two new films, Sing, which was released in North America on December 21st, and Gold Mine, which was released on December 25th. In "Gold Mine", he gained more than 40 Jin, playing Kenny Wells, a gold prospector, who not only gained weight in middle age, but also presented the Mediterranean &hellip on his head; … "Entertainment Weekly" said that this appearance made McConaughey expected to be on the shortlist for next year’s Oscar.

　　Comics/Gao Yue

　　The rule of law daily, all-media reporter Zhan Haifeng

　　Law Daily correspondent Tan Yujiao

　　In recent years, Chongqing has continuously explored the handling of complaints about judicial expertise practice activities, judicial expertise education and training, and accumulated some good experiences and practices. On the basis of extensively soliciting opinions from all walks of life, the newly revised Regulations on Judicial Expertise in Chongqing (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) was voted by the fourth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People’s Congress of Chongqing and will be implemented on January 1, 2024. The "Regulations" take standardizing judicial authentication activities as the main line, focusing on standardizing judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers, judicial authentication activities, services and supervision, and legal responsibilities.

　　Pan Deng, director of the Second Division of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress, said that the "Regulations" regulate the establishment and improvement of the linkage mechanism between the management and use of judicial expertise, give full play to the role of the expert committee of judicial expertise, clarify the matters of not accepting entrustment and not appointing judicial experts, and make corresponding regulations on the "four categories" of expertise outside litigation activities.

　　Improve the linkage mechanism between departments.

　　In order to further strengthen the communication and coordination between relevant departments and promote the benign interaction between judicial expertise management and use mechanism, the Regulations clearly define the responsibilities of the people’s governments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) and the judicial administrative departments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) and the internal management responsibilities of institutions.

　　In strengthening the supervision and management of judicial expertise, the "Regulations" propose that the people’s governments of cities, districts and counties (autonomous counties) should strengthen the organization and leadership of judicial expertise within their respective administrative areas, guarantee the funds for judicial expertise management services, and support the healthy development of judicial expertise.

　　In view of the supervision responsibilities of the two-level judicial administrative departments in urban areas, the Regulations clarify that the municipal judicial administrative department is responsible for the supervision and management of judicial authentication institutions, judicial authenticators and their practice activities within the administrative area of this Municipality, and establishes and improves the convergence mechanism of judicial authentication management and use together with investigation organs, procuratorial organs and judicial organs, strengthens the informatization construction of judicial authentication, carries out information exchange and work coordination, and realizes information sharing and data interconnection of licensing matters, reward and punishment records, integrity evaluation, capacity evaluation and authentication entrustment, and regulates and guarantees.

　　As a judicial authentication institution affiliated to the municipal judicial administrative department, it is the key to compact the internal management responsibility. The "Regulations" stipulate that judicial authentication institutions shall provide necessary conditions and material guarantees for the practice activities of judicial authenticators of their own institutions; To be responsible for the training and daily management of the judicial appraisers of this institution; Publicize relevant information in a prominent position in the practice place according to the regulations; In accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and this Municipality, establish internal management systems such as major event reporting, appraisal quality control, charging, filing and complaint handling.

　　At the same time, the Regulations also clarify that the judicial administrative departments of counties (autonomous counties) should be responsible for the daily supervision and management of judicial authentication institutions, judicial appraisers and judicial authentication activities within their respective administrative areas, and the departments of development and reform, education, science and technology, human resources and social security, ecological environment, health and hygiene, market supervision and data should do a good job in the relevant management of judicial authentication according to law.

　　Give play to the role of expert review

　　In view of the controversial and difficult identification matters, the Regulations, based on the actual judicial identification work in Chongqing, have revised and improved the conditions for the members of the judicial identification expert committee on the basis of continuing the original Regulations that "the municipal judicial identification expert committee established by the municipal people’s government provides advice on major and difficult technical issues and identification disputes in judicial identification", and stipulated that "the municipal judicial identification expert committee is rich in working experience, strong in professional ability, good in professional ethics and high-level.

　　At the same time, the "Regulations" clarify the conditions for issuing expert advice. For the difficult identification matters that are controversial in the initial identification, or the identification matters that are still controversial after two identifications, the case-handling organ may entrust the Municipal Judicial Appraisal Expert Committee to issue expert advice.

　　For complex, difficult and special technical problems involved in the identification process, the Regulations propose that judicial authentication institutions can consult experts in related professional fields outside their own institutions, but the final appraisal opinions should be issued by judicial appraisers of their own institutions.

　　In terms of the legal liability of judicial authentication institutions, the Regulations stipulate that judicial authenticators who have participated in the same authentication matter or who have provided advice on the same authentication matter as experts or participated in the court cross-examination of the same authentication matter shall not be assigned for authentication; Offenders will be ordered to correct by the judicial administrative department and given a warning; Illegal income, confiscate the illegal income; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan shall be imposed.

　　In addition, the "Regulations" also stipulate the establishment and improvement of an expert evaluation system. If a legal person or an unincorporated organization applies for registration as a judicial authentication institution, the municipal judicial administrative department shall organize experts to evaluate its practice place, testing laboratory, instruments and equipment. Where an individual applies for registration as a judicial appraiser, the municipal judicial administrative department shall organize experts to carry out appraisal and evaluation of legal and regulatory knowledge, technical knowledge and professional ability.

　　Clarify the requirements for accepting cases

　　In the specific practice of judicial expertise, some judicial expertise institutions or judicial appraisers have an interest in the case itself, which may adversely affect judicial expertise. In this regard, Panden said that the "Regulations" clarify the matters that will not be accepted and the judicial appraisers may not be appointed. For example, the judicial appraisal institutions will not accept the entrusted appraisal matters beyond the scope of their judicial appraisal business; A judicial authentication institution or an organization that establishes a judicial authentication institution is a party to the case involved; The legal representative or person-in-charge of the judicial authentication institution has an interest in the judicial authentication entrusted by the involved cases and parties.

　　In order to ensure the fairness and justice of judicial authentication, the Regulations stipulate that after accepting the entrustment of authentication, a judicial authentication institution shall appoint a judicial appraiser who has the qualification to practice the authentication matter, but shall not appoint a judicial appraiser who has participated in the authentication of the same authentication matter, provided advice on the same authentication matter as an expert, and participated in the court cross-examination of the same authentication matter.

　　In view of the client’s special requirements for judicial appraisers, the Regulations stipulate that qualified judicial appraisers can also be selected from this institution for appraisal after mutual agreement. A judicial authentication institution shall assign two judicial authenticators to authenticate the same authentication matter. For complex, difficult or special identification matters, multiple judicial appraisers may be appointed for identification, and at least one judicial appraiser has a senior professional title.

　　The "Regulations" also clarify the cases where judicial authentication institutions refuse to accept judicial entrustment, such as the use of authentication is illegal or violates social morality, the authentication requirements do not conform to the professional rules of judicial authentication or relevant authentication technical specifications, and the authentication requirements exceed the technical conditions or authentication ability of the institution.

　　Standardize the scope of "four categories"

　　The Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on the Management of Judicial Expertise defines judicial expertise as "four categories" in litigation activities, and the standardization of "four categories" is conducive to ensuring litigation justice and improving litigation efficiency.

　　Panden pointed out that there are a lot of "four categories" outside litigation activities in the practice of appraisal, but there is a lack of clear and unified norms. In order to strengthen the management of the "four categories" of appraisal outside litigation activities, the "Regulations" have made guiding provisions in combination with the actual appraisal work in this Municipality.

　　The "Regulations" clarify that, in addition to litigation activities, the activities of judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers to carry out forensic identification, material evidence identification, audio-visual material identification, environmental damage identification and other identification matters determined by the judicial administrative department of the State Council in consultation with the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate shall be implemented with reference to these Regulations.

　　Ji Yunqi, an associate professor at Southwest University of Political Science and Law and an expert in audio-visual recording identification in Sichuan-Chongqing forensic expert database, said that the Regulations, on the basis of public consultation, combined with the new situation of forensic identification work, aimed at improving quality and efficiency, and focused on more scientific and reasonable norms and guidance from judicial identification institutions and appraisers, judicial identification activities, services and supervision, legal responsibilities, etc., with the aim of providing guarantee for improving the quality and credibility of judicial identification and maintaining and promoting judicial justice.

　　"The" Regulations "explored and innovated in establishing and improving the linkage mechanism between the management and use of judicial expertise, giving full play to the role of the expert committee of judicial expertise, and clarifying matters such as not accepting entrustment and not appointing judicial appraisers, and at the same time made corresponding regulations on the’ four categories’ of expertise outside litigation activities. The revision of the "Regulations" reflects the positive actions of the competent authorities to keep pace with the times and the practical characteristics of Chongqing. " Ji Yunqi said.

　　Residents of fremont, San Francisco Bay Area, USA push their three-color trash cans to the street every Wednesday, waiting for the garbage recycling company to handle them uniformly. (Photo by People’s Network Han Shasha)

　　People’s Daily Online, San Francisco, April 20 (Han Shasha) Every Wednesday morning, the citizens of Fremont, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA always push out three roller trash cans with different colors that are usually placed in the yard, and open them in front of the street in a row.

　　As the garbage trucks rumble past, these garbage cans placed on the street are classified, dumped and transported away.

　　Trash cans of different colors have their own uses. In this city, gray trash cans are used to hold renewable garbage, such as wine bottles, beverage bottles, cans, clean waste paper, etc. Blue trash can is used to hold non-recyclable garbage, such as leftovers, vegetable roots and peels and other kitchen waste; Green trash can is used to hold garden garbage such as weeds and pruned branches in the yard.

　　This is a microcosm of the classification of domestic waste in California. Although each city gives different "connotations" to trash cans with different colors, and the time for recycling garbage once a week is not the same, garbage sorting has been deeply rooted in people’s hearts and become a daily routine.

　　Specialized companies provide garbage collection services in a unified way.

　　The garbage classification system in the United States is a mature and perfect system, which includes not only the front-end classification carried out by residents in daily life, but also the back-end recycling, landfill treatment and degradation, so as to realize the reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization of domestic garbage.

　　Residents’ classification of domestic waste is the basis of the whole system engineering. Every city has a clear explanation, education and promotion activities for garbage classification. On the official website of the city, residents can consult various information such as specific garbage recycling plans and garbage classification. In addition to common household garbage, including toxic household cleaners, paint thinners, pesticides, fluorescent bulbs and tubes containing mercury, thermometers and thermostats, electronic waste and vehicle batteries, household harmful waste is not allowed to be put into the roadside roller trash can. Because domestic harmful waste contains toxic substances, if it is not handled properly, it will harm human beings and the environment. These harmful waste must be placed in the designated recycling place and cannot be discarded at will.

　　The sorted garbage is collected by a special garbage recycling company on a fixed date, and residents pay a certain amount of "garbage clearing fee" every month. Individuals are strictly forbidden to rummage through the available items in the trash can without permission, otherwise it will be treated as theft. There are more than 20,000 garbage recycling companies in the United States providing services to different cities. Take San Francisco as an example. Recology is a service company in this city. Residents receive three 32-gallon garbage bins free of charge, and pay the service fee of $35.18 per month to the company, which provides regular garbage removal service.

　　Usually, garbage recycling companies will reclassify domestic garbage in different ways and recycle it reasonably. Renewable plastics, metals, waste paper and glass will be sorted, recycled and reused; Burning combustible materials to generate electricity; Decomposable organic matter is fermented to make organic fertilizer; Inorganic waste is used to pave the road. In recent years, garbage recycling companies have reprocessed domestic garbage in a more optimized way, and often use organic garbage gasification to generate electricity; Pyrolysis and incineration of pollutants, incineration and heating, gasification and power generation, purification of water and gas residue, etc. According to the website of Luyuan Recycling Company, food waste in San Francisco was transported to a nearby factory and turned into valuable fertilizer. Some finished fertilizers are sold to vineyards in Napa wine country.

　　Residents who litter may go to jail.

　　The strict implementation of garbage sorting in the United States is inseparable from the government’s education and promotion and detailed laws and regulations.

　　The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is the basic law for the management of solid and hazardous wastes in the United States. On October 21, 1976, the US Congress passed the law reform to deal with the growing problem of urban and industrial waste. This law is divided into three parts, which respectively put forward requirements for the management of solid waste, hazardous waste and underground storage of hazardous waste. The focus of this law is the control and management of hazardous waste. In order to cooperate with this law, the US Environmental Protection Agency has formulated hundreds of regulations, plans and guidelines on the discharge, collection, storage, transportation, treatment, disposal and recycling of solid waste and hazardous waste, forming a relatively complete system of solid waste management laws and regulations.

　　In addition to federal laws, each state also has its own laws and regulations. Littering is a crime in America. Every state has laws prohibiting littering, and littering is a third-degree misdemeanor, punishable by a fine ranging from 300 to 1,000 dollars, imprisonment or community service (up to one year), or a combination of two or three of the above.

　　San Francisco, California, USA has made remarkable achievements in garbage sorting, recycling and reuse, with a garbage recovery rate of 80%, which is called "green city in green state". Siemens conducted a study in 2011, and the results were published in the "Green City Index". By comparing the sustainable development performance of 27 major American and Canadian cities, San Francisco was rated as the greenest city in North America and ranked first in garbage management.

　　This result is closely related to the California government’s advanced environmental awareness and the promulgation of a series of bills. As early as 1921, the government of San Francisco required that garbage recycling must be managed by companies, and individual garbage recycling behavior should be banned, thus resulting in "Sunset Cleaning Company" and "Cleaners Association", which is now the Luyuan Recycling Company in San Francisco. In 1989, the city of San Francisco passed the "Comprehensive Waste Management Act (AB939)", requiring all administrative districts to achieve 50% waste disposal by reduction and recycling before 2000. Regional managers who failed to meet the requirements were fined $10,000 per day. At the same time, the household is taken as an independent individual to carry out classified garbage collection, and institutions regularly come to collect recyclable items, and the sales proceeds are used to cover the garbage disposal expenses.

　　According to this law, California has set up a "Unified Management Committee for Municipal Waste" to specifically guide and supervise the implementation of various tasks, with the aim of making people fully aware of the fact that municipal waste is increasing and landfill sites are becoming increasingly scarce.

　　With the passage of time, the San Francisco government’s laws on garbage recycling and classification have become more and more detailed, including the implementation of the "Waste Electrical Appliances Recycling Law" passed by California in 2003, which made specific provisions on the recycling of waste computers, televisions and other audio-visual equipment.

　　In 2009, San Francisco passed the "Compulsory Classification of Garbage", which stipulates that residents must strictly abide by the classification of discarded items, and it is strictly forbidden to rummage through the usable items in the garbage bins without permission, otherwise it will be punished as theft, and at the same time, different levels of fines will be imposed on each household that violates the rules. This was called the most stringent recyclable law in the United States by the media.

　　Why does San Francisco have the confidence to set the goal of "zero waste"?

　　In 2002, the San Francisco City Supervision Committee and the mayor passed a resolution, and it is planned that by 2010, the conversion rate of garbage recycling and composting will reach 75%, and by 2020, "zero waste" will be completely realized.

　　San Francisco is the first city in the United States to set the goal of "zero waste" of garbage, and it is also the first city to force the use of three-color trash cans for recycling and sorting garbage. In 2013, San Francisco has successfully converted 80% of domestic garbage into recyclable garbage or fertilizer.

　　In comparison, the garbage conversion rate in Los Angeles is 65% and that in Seattle is 50%. According to the data of the US Environmental Protection Agency, in 2014, about 258 million tons of domestic waste was generated in the United States, and more than 89 million tons of garbage was recyclable and compostable, which was equivalent to a recovery rate of 34.6%, and 136 million tons of garbage was landfilled. Internationally, at the end of 2013, the EU’s garbage recycling and composting conversion rate was 42%.

　　The success of the "San Francisco Experience" is related to the radical and harsh government policies of the city. In addition to the above-mentioned series of laws and regulations, this city is the first city in the United States to ban the use of polystyrene foam in food service (2006), requiring mandatory recycling of construction waste (2007), prohibiting free provision of plastic bags in pharmacies and supermarkets (2009), and implementing mandatory garbage recycling and composting classification for residents and enterprises (2009).

　　In addition, there is a public-private partnership garbage collection system. Luyuan Recycling Company, which serves the city of San Francisco, is a private enterprise. In the process of providing services to San Francisco, there was no bidding and no payment to the government. The monthly service fees charged to residents and the profits generated by garbage sorting belong to the company. In 2012, the city of San Francisco once held a vote, and planned to break down garbage collection into five businesses to bid separately. But at that time, this proposal was opposed by 77% of voters.

　　San Francisco’s garbage classification can be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and it is inseparable from the government’s efforts to promote it widely. In order to better implement waste sorting and achieve the goal of "zero waste" in 2020, the environmental protection department of San Francisco specially promotes the publicity and education activities of waste reduction and sorting among young people; Introduced the family design concept of environmental protection garden, founded the San Francisco environmental protection foundation and the San Francisco organic food community; And promote environmental protection organizations in San Francisco community college and universities in San Francisco; Through posters, newspapers, the Internet, public transportation and other media, the publicity and promotion activities of urban garbage control have been carried out for a long time.

　　Whether San Francisco can achieve "zero waste" in 2020 is still unknown, but at least some experiences of the city can be used for reference.

Before Ivey’s film, he pushed a popular science article on screen technology, which attracted everyone’s attention. Today, let’s pay attention to the "behind-the-scenes" that is related to the screening effect-the projector.

　

Film projectors have become a memory for most people, and today’s cinemas have already become the world of digital projectors. Let’s briefly talk about the development history of digital projectors.

Advances in chip technology and resolution

Digital film projectors can be divided into 4K, 2k and 1.3k (obsolete) according to the resolution from high to low, and the core part is the DLP chip.

　

The digital film projector that appeared at the end of last century and the beginning of this century is1.3K(1280×1024, about 1.3 million pixels) resolution.. Its architecture is a DLP projection system with a digital projector head in front of the light box of the traditional film projector, and its imaging device is the DLP CinemaTM DMD digital micromirror device of Texas Instruments (TI).

　

DP50 1.3K digital projector

DLP technology (digital light processing) is a technology developed by Texas Instruments based on DMD. DMD (digital micromirror) is also an imaging chip developed by TI, and it is also the core component of DLP. DMD consists of many small aluminum mirrors, and each micro mirror is called a pixel. Its working principle is that after receiving the image control signal, it drives the micro mirror to deflect within 15 degrees, reflects light, and finally forms an image. Digital film projectors and high-end projectors generally adopt RGB three-chip DLP technology.

　

With the development of chip technology,The first 2K (2048× 1080.21 million pixels)The projector came out at the end of 2003, which adopted the DC2K DLP CinemaTM DMD chip of TI company, which improved the image resolution and contrast. This eliminated the projector that originally used 1.3K chip.

　

DP100 and DP90 2K digital projectors

In 2005-2006, DCI (Digital Cinema Advocacy Organization) released the technical specification 1.0 of digital cinema system, and various digital cinema equipment manufacturers followed suit, and developed and produced projector products conforming to DCI technical specification. According to DCI standard, the pixels of digital cinema projectors should reach 2K or 4K. Projector manufacturer including DLP technology, Barco, CTV and NEC, as well as Sony adopt liquid crystal on silicon SXRD technology, have launched a series of products.

　

In 2009, TI released its second generation DLP digital film platform.DLP Cinema?　Series II (SII or Series 2 for short). S II not only supports all the functions of the previous generation SI platform, but also enhances the signal processing ability of the system, and conforms to the DCI Digital Cinema System Technical Specification 1.2 in application.

　

In 2011, based on DLP Cinema? 1.38 "(inches).DMD 4K chipThe resolution reached 4K (4096× 2160,825 million pixels). In addition, in order to meet the needs of more small screens, the advent of 0.69 "DMD2K chips based on DLP Cinema has led manufacturers to launch DLP large projectors and small projectors based on these chips. With the advent of DLP4K projector, digital projection is comparable to 35mm film projection in definition, and the overall projection visual effect is better.

　

2019 4K global blockbuster "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil"

In 2013, TI (Texas Instruments) DLP Products Division launched a new breakthrough pixel architecture for its leading DLP Pico? technology.TIlt Roll Pixel（TRP）. The main advantages of products based on the new TRP pixel architecture include:

Improve brightness by up to 30% and higher efficiency; Energy saving by reducing power consumption by up to 50%; Twice the resolution of chips of the same size, and so on. For example, the s4 series of Barco’s fourth-generation projector is the latest series of digital projector products that take the lead in adopting 3×0.98” DC4K TRP chip, which can save more energy and further improve the degree of integration.

Progress in architecture and automation

The innovation of digital projection technology makes the control of equipment more and more automatic and intelligent.

　

Due to high integration and strong sealing performance,Heat dissipation and dust preventionIt is the most difficult problem of projectors in the past. In the past, when solving these two problems, the projectionist was particularly required to maintain the projection equipment in peacetime, but with the upgrade of the projector, the handling of these two aspects has now become simpler and more convenient.

　

The heat dissipation of the projector mainly surrounds the light source, chip and circuit. These places are easy to accelerate aging or damage if the heat dissipation is not in place, and attention should be paid not to have any dust when cooling. For example, high-precision core components such as chips cannot be polluted by any dust.

　

Now there are several ways to cool the projector:Air cooling, liquid cooling, and semiconductor cooling.. Air cooling mainly depends on the cooling channel designed in the projector; Liquid cooling is mainly aimed at the internal heat dissipation of the engine, and there is a set of liquid cooling heat dissipation system composed of liquid tank, pressure pump and heat exchanger in the projector. Semiconductor cooling, like using "Peltier" thermoelectric semiconductor refrigeration device.

　

Barco s4 projector series inherits the consistently efficient integrated cooling system of liquid cooling+air cooling+Peltier, and with the fully enclosed engine and light path design, the new double-layer HEPA washable filter screen can achieve the ultimate dustproof and efficient cooling effect. At the same time, the modular design of S4 series and brand-new network control and analysis software make the daily maintenance and repair of projectors easy, which greatly reduces the labor cost of daily operation and maintenance.

　

In addition to the continuous improvement of automation level, the projector architecture is also constantly optimized. From the original independent external server to the integrated media module IMB, to today’s integrated media server with higher integration.IMSsSome even integrate audio decoding module, which has higher integration and improved performance.

　

For example, in March, 2014, Barco first launched a product equipped with Lingrui.ICMP(Integrated Cinema Media Processor integrated media module) integrated projector of server. The ICMP module of Barco Lingrui skillfully integrates the digital movie image signal processor (ICP) with the media server responsible for the decoding function of DCI movie programs, which improves the simplicity and reliability of the projector. Intelligent projectors equipped with Lingrui ICMP can even detect potential operational errors and warn users when potential failures occur.

　

ICMP server

The historical origin of digital projector from the initial independent external server to the integrated media module IMB to the integrated media server IMSs with higher integration now comes from the actual demand of the film industry for higher image quality, higher frame rate and higher resolution. In the technical field of projectors and media servers, this can be summarized as follows,Need to pass a higherbandwidthTo process and transmit image data. This has become the driving factor of digital projectors from independent servers to IMBs(Integrated Media Blocks) and then to IMSs (Integrated Media Server) from 2005 to 2012.

　

In addition, in recent years, digital projectors are constantly strengthening their targeting.Automatic maintenance and optimization technology of laser light source and automatic image optimization technologyWith the passage of time, the white balance of the three-color laser light source of the projector is guaranteed and the color reproduction is better; The final imaging quality of the optical engine has been kept at a good level for a long time.

Progress in technical indicators

The technical progress of projector naturally promotes the improvement of its related technical indicators, so as to adapt to the landing of new projection technology.

　

For example, adapting to high frame rate projection, adapting to HDR (high dynamic range) image optimization, etc., requires a higher projectorBrightness, contrast, clarity and high color depth processing circuit, at the same time haveHigh frame rate projectionFunction.

　

The 1.3k machine adopts the 1.1 "/0.9" (inch) DLP CinemaTM DMD chip of TI company, with the contrast ratio of 1350: 1 and the deflection angle of DMD micromirror of 10. The final light output is about 6,000-13,000 lumens, and its light efficiency is relatively low, with the average light path light efficiency of 1-2 lumens/watt. At first, the 1.3k machine can handle Bit depth.

　

The second generation projector chip (DC2K DMD chip) comes in 1.2 "(inch) and 0.98" (inch), which were released by TI in 2003 and 2007 respectively. Compared with the 1.3 K chip, DC2K DMD chip increases the deflection angle of DMD micromirror by 12, making its contrast ratio more than 2000∶1. The light output of 2K projector can reach 30,000 lumens, and the color depth can reach 15 bits ×3. Moreover, the support for secure encryption/decryption, from supporting Cine I to supporting Cine II, meets the strict requirements of digital cinema for content security protection.

The 4K digital projector based on DLP Cinema? 1.38 "(inch) DMD chip has a brightness of 32,000 lumens and a contrast ratio of more than 2,100: 1.

　

S4 series projectors

Now the projector has a higher level of indicators. On BIRTV in 2020, Barco introduced the high-brightness RGB laser projector SP4K-40B with 40,000 lumens in the fourth-generation projector family, and introduced the RGB laser projector SP4K-55B with 52,000 lumens in CinemaS in 2021. In this fourth-generation projector family, the contrast ratio can reach 5,000: 1 like SP4K-27BHC.

　

In addition, with the improvement of light source, RGB laser projector has also improved the color range of the picture from DCI-P3 to.Rec2020, the color range is expanded by about.thirty percentFinally, due to the replacement of TI DLP technology, the fourth generation projector of Barco, which currently adopts the latest technology of TI, also has the ability to play.4K high frame rateThe ability of (high frame rate means > ＞24fps) greatly exceeds the original traditional signal format. Although there are not many such movies, the projector hardware is still ahead.

　

It can be said that the projection visual effect provided by the current digital projector has far exceeded the film projector era, providing a better viewing experience to a greater extent, and at the same time bringing higher intelligent automation to the operation, use and maintenance optimization of the cinema, making the cinema have a wider choice for different screens, different technical requirements and automatic projection, and greatly enhancing the security of film copyright!

　

(Source: UME Studios (Chongqing Jinsha Store); Wentu Source: Zhongying Barco)

　

In today’s China automobile market, consumers’ understanding of luxury has quietly changed, and they are no longer limited to the aura of brands, but pay more and more attention to the deep fit between actual driving experience and value. As the star model of Chery Fengyun family, it is redrawing the blueprint of luxury SUV with the trend of breaking bamboo, and deeply rooted the core concept of "luxury equality" in the hearts of every consumer. It is not only a model, but also a profound interpretation of the future travel life, making luxury no longer an unreachable dream, but a reality within reach.

Strong mixing, driving the future

Driven by the new energy wave, Fengyun T9 redefines the power standard of luxury SUV with its excellent hybrid performance. Equipped with the world-leading Kunpeng super hybrid C-DM system, this SUV integrates the fifth-generation 1.5T hybrid engine and high-performance motor, achieving a perfect balance between power and economy. The maximum thermal efficiency of its engine is as high as 44.5%. Combined with the powerful help of the motor, Fengyun T9 can easily become a 7-second club with its power performance comparable to that of V6 engine, but its fuel consumption is far lower than that of traditional fuel vehicles. The fuel consumption of WLTC is only 5.2L per 100 kilometers.

In terms of battery life, Fengyun T9 also performed well. All models are equipped with large-capacity battery packs, with a pure battery life of 120km, which is enough for daily commuting. What’s even more amazing is that its comprehensive endurance exceeds 1400km, and even for long-distance travel, there is no need to refuel frequently, truly realizing the feat of "from Beijing to Shanghai, one box of oil is done". In addition, the fast charging technology allows users to quickly replenish power when they are busy, and it takes only a moment to charge from 30% to 80%, which greatly improves the convenience of pure electric travel.

Flexible and changeable, accommodating all kinds of life

Fengyun T9 also showed extraordinary ingenuity in space design. Its wide body size and long wheelbase provide passengers with a spacious and comfortable riding environment, which is more than enough for both head space and leg space. The "5+2" flexible seat layout takes the space utilization to the extreme, and users can easily realize various combinations of seats according to actual needs to meet the needs of family trips, business receptions and other scenarios.

More intimately, Fengyun T9 also provides rich storage space and humanized design. For example, the rear seats support the reclining function, and the trunk space becomes super-large in seconds, which can be easily accommodated for both large luggage and outdoor equipment. At the same time, the vehicle is also equipped with a 6.6kW external discharge function, which allows users to enjoy convenient power supply outdoors, whether it is camping picnic or outdoor adventure.

Technology empowers and leads future travel.

Driven by the wave of intelligence, Fengyun T9 is also at the forefront of the industry. The standard 15.6-inch 2.5K high-definition large screen and 8155 high-power chip bring users the ultimate visual experience and smooth operation feeling. AI large model intelligent voice assistant supports dialect recognition and full-time wakeup-free function, which enables users to easily realize voice control navigation, music, air conditioning and other functions during driving, greatly improving the convenience and safety of driving.

In addition, Fengyun T9 is equipped with L2.5 intelligent driving assistance system, covering 19 basic driving assistance functions including AEB automatic emergency braking and LCA parallel assistance. These high-tech configurations not only provide users with all-round security, but also greatly reduce the driving burden and make long-distance travel more relaxed and comfortable. At the same time, the addition of the 3-megapixel ultra-high-definition 540 panoramic image system enables users to master the situation around the vehicle in an all-round way and easily cope with complex road conditions and parking in narrow spaces.

As solid as gold, protect every journey in all directions.

In terms of safety, Fengyun T9 adopts the industry-leading car body structure design concept, and its car body materials are as high as 85% of high-strength steel and 21% of thermoformed steel, and a rock-solid safety framework is constructed. This combination of materials not only improves the rigidity of the car body, but also can absorb and disperse the impact force more effectively in case of collision, and protect the safety of the occupants in the car. At Fengyun T9′ s listing conference, Sa Beining, a well-known host of China CCTV, personally went into battle and carried out a rigorous "ravage" test on Fengyun T9′ s body-in-white with an electric drill, but failed to break its solid cage-type body structure. This scene is still impressive.

In addition, Fengyun T9 is equipped with double anti-collision beams and an energy-absorbing box with a lateral coverage of 85%, which further enhances the crashworthiness of the vehicle. At the same time, Fengyun T9 is the only model in its class with a remote airbag as standard. Combined with the 2060mm penetrating side air curtain and the 6-second super-long pressure keeping technology, it provides all-round protection for the occupants in the car without dead ends, ensuring that the injuries can be minimized in any collision accident.

In the field of new energy vehicles, battery safety has always been one of the most concerned issues for users. Fengyun T9 knows this well, so it also spares no effort in battery safety. It is equipped with the global standard safety battery cell and the super anti-collision design of the armor battery pack, which puts on an indestructible "armor" for the battery pack. At the same time, the battery pack also has IP68 waterproof performance (far exceeding the national standard by 48 times), which ensures that the battery can maintain a stable and safe running state under various extreme weather and road conditions.

In order to further improve the safety of the battery, Fengyun T9 is also equipped with battery NP non-thermal diffusion technology and collision 2 millisecond high-voltage power-off system. The support of these two technologies enables the battery to quickly cut off the power supply and prevent thermal runaway when encountering extreme situations such as collision, thus effectively avoiding the occurrence of safety accidents such as battery fire and explosion. The application of these advanced technologies not only makes Fengyun T9 in the forefront of battery safety, but also allows users to bid farewell to safety anxiety while enjoying green travel.

Write it at the end

Fengyun T9 redefines the new standard of luxury SUV with its strong dynamic performance, flexible space design and leading intelligent technology configuration. It not only satisfies consumers’ pursuit of luxury quality, but also practices the concept of "luxury equality" with practical actions to make the luxury experience within reach. In the future, Fengyun T9 will continue to lead the development trend of luxury SUV market and bring unprecedented travel experience to more users.

　　　　According to the website data of the Chinese Embassy in the DPRK, from 2002 to now, the number of China students studying in the DPRK has exceeded 1,700. Every year, 60 foreign students exchange scholarships between China and North Korea, and 70 foreign students at their own expense, all of whom are language students. Most people who study in North Korea come from the northeast of China, but there are also many students from Guangdong, Hunan and Henan provinces. Besides China students, there are also many Russians studying in North Korea. In addition, there are students from Laos, Cambodia and Mongolia. In addition, some people from western countries such as France and Canada also study here.

　　　　Do not take TOEFL GRE　

　　　　Only accept "double admission"

　　　　If you want to study abroad, you must first find someone who is familiar with Koreans to help you introduce and handle it. The application process is very simple. First, declare your name, and then go to the embassy in China to take the exam, answer the English paper, and have difficulty in high school. You don’t have to apply for IELTS, TOEFL and other grades. After passing, you have to study for one year in the preparatory course and four years in the undergraduate course. The preparatory course is not difficult, which is equivalent to the ESL course of studying in the United States, that is, passing the language barrier of Korean.

　　　　The only schools in North Korea that accept international students are Kim Il Sung University and kim hyong jik university of education, both of which are the highest institutions of learning in North Korea, and Kim Il Sung University is the cradle of North Korean politics. There are also some key institutions such as Jince Industrial University and Jin Yuanjun Music University in Pyongyang, but they do not accept international students.

　　　　Compared with most countries studying abroad, the tuition fees for studying in North Korea are cheaper. The annual tuition fee is about $7,000, including accommodation and tuition, excluding extra expenses such as travel. The school will organize international students to travel during the Chinese New Year holiday. But it can’t compare with North Korean students, because they go to college for free. School supplies, textbooks, school uniforms, accommodation fees and even local transportation fees are all paid in the form of scholarships.

　　　　Every year, the National Scholarship Fund Committee of China will also organize some public students to study in the DPRK in several schools for one semester. Students studying in the DPRK are not allowed to work or take part-time jobs, whether on or off campus. There is no so-called OPT after graduation, so you can’t find a job by yourself. North Korea’s visas are not as detailed as those in the United States. If international students want to stay after graduation, they must have an inviting unit.

　　　　"Jin Da’s students are very enthusiastic."　

　　　　Chinese is optional in foreign language classes.

　　　　Kim Il Sung Comprehensive University and kim hyong jik university of education, the former is the best comprehensive university in North Korea, which is equivalent to Peking University’s position in China. It is worth mentioning that the current CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) Zhang Dejiang graduated here. No matter from the campus environment, teachers and hardware facilities, it can be seen that North Korea has made great efforts in elite education in universities.

　　　　Liu Juan was an international student who went to North Korea in 2004. There were more than 20 Chinese students in that session. As public students organized by the state, they were treated as state guests in North Korea. Liu Juan told the reporter of Studying Abroad: "We got a national scholarship at that time, so we don’t have to pay tuition fees. Not only that, the state and the North Korean government will give us living expenses on a regular basis."

　　　　After arriving at the North Korean school, the school will arrange for North Korean college students to live with international students. These North Korean college students take a special bus to school with international students every day, eat together, participate in North Korean activities together, and go to various dormitories at night to ask if you have any problems in your study or life. "We usually ask them what they don’t understand, and they are all enthusiastic to answer. In fact, there are girls among them who are younger than us, but they always care about us like big sisters. So everyone gets along very happily in life. " Liu Juan told Study Abroad? Who.

　　　　Every morning, they always stand in front of the bus in neat clothes and carrying hand-held schoolbags, waiting for all of us to arrive before getting on the bus. Pedestrians reading while walking can often be seen on the streets of North Korea. "Koreans love reading and studying, especially college students." Liu Juan said, "On the way to school, roommates will also spend more than 20 minutes reading notes on subjects that need to be memorized, such as English, Chinese and Kim Jong Il’s guiding ideology. North Korea’s books and materials are poor, and some of the materials that college students read have been turned over, or they have copied the whole article by hand. "

　　　　Korean students can choose English or Chinese as their foreign language courses. In fact, basically they all know some Chinese, but it’s just a matter of level. Their class is similar to our junior high school class. Each student has a set of desks and chairs and sits upright in their respective seats. As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, everyone stood up and bowed to the teacher to say hello, and then began to teach. There will be no freedom and activity in the class that we always think in the college class, but it seems to be a little more serious and rigorous.

　　　　Labor is a compulsory course for all North Koreans, and college students are no exception. Every morning, when the bus enters the campus, we can always see college students cleaning roads and playgrounds with brooms and dustpans. Such a scene is not common in today’s China University campus. In addition to flowers and plants, there are some edible vegetables on campus. It is said that the school also feeds pigs and poultry in the backyard for the canteen.

　　　　Taking photos in the dormitory can play LOL and watch Korean dramas.

　　　　The treatment of international students in North Korea is good. Liu Juan, who is studying in North Korea, lives in a single room with two rooms and one living room. Carpets are laid indoors, with geothermal energy in winter and fans in summer. Each person is equipped with a single bed, desk and wardrobe, and some rooms are also equipped with televisions and bookcases. Configuration is really complete, more spacious than the dormitory of domestic universities, with public toilets and bathrooms. There is also a public kitchen in the dormitory. You need to buy an induction cooker, refrigerator and microwave oven for cooking. Usually, girls prefer cooking.

　　　　How to surf the Internet in North Korea is also a problem for international students. Not every room in the dormitory has internet, only fixed rooms have it. You can pull your own network cable and buy it together, but it costs $300/month and the price is higher. North Korea prohibits the use of Wi-Fi, and if it is found that it is secretly used, it will be fined.

　　　　The network used by overseas students is different from that used by Koreans. The network commonly used by ordinary people in North Korea is a domestic local area network covering all provinces, cities and counties in North Korea, but it is not connected to the Internet. The scope of international students will be broader, provided that VPN is available. After opening, LOL can also play, Korean dramas can also be watched, and Hollywood blockbusters can also be downloaded. But if you don’t open it, even Baidu can’t open it.

　　　　Some international students use Apple mobile phones, and the teacher must guarantee to sign the card. Many international students use Apple mobile phones and China brand mobile phones. Since 2013, North Korea has allowed foreigners to access the Internet through 3G networks. The monthly fee for accessing the Internet by mobile phone is about US$ 14, and 50M traffic is provided free of charge every month. The excess is charged according to the standard of RMB per megabyte in 1 yuan.

　　　　Usually, "I often call the water"

　　　　However, living in North Korea certainly has many unspeakable sufferings. For example, there are some obstacles to the basic needs of life such as toilets, bathing, making phone calls, running water and power supply. Liu Juan said: "It may be because the DPRK attaches importance to the living conditions of China students. In our dormitory, power outages are not common, but sometimes we are caught off guard, but we will call again soon."

　　　　Unlike every household in China which has a water heater, Korean people can take a hot bath at any time. Although there is a bathroom in the dormitory where foreign students live, hot water is not available all the time. Sometimes, if you want to take a comfortable hot bath, you have to go to a special public bathhouse. For example, for the international students of Kim Dae, the school will organize international students to take a bus to a bathhouse called Cangguangyuan once a week. Usually, if you want to wash it, you have to pay for it in the bathhouse, usually 2 dollars at a time. Zhang Wei, who is studying at Kim Il Sung University, told the reporter of Studying Abroad that North Korea will stop water from time to time, so the bathroom in each room is equipped with a big bucket, which is usually filled with water for emergencies. The voltage in North Korea is not very stable. After all, it depends on hydropower. In other words, it is "often called by water". Basically, everyone will buy a voltage regulator. If you don’t buy it, the service life of computers and mobile phones will not be too long.

　　　　The school is solely responsible for the diet of international students in North Korea, and every meal is provided free of charge by the school canteen. Liu Juan told the reporter of Studying Abroad that the quality of the meals provided by the school is very good. Apart from Korean food, the canteen occasionally cooks Chinese food, and every meal is also equipped with fruit. As we all know, many fruits in North Korea are imported from other countries. From the diet of international students, it can be seen that North Korea gives high treatment to international students.

　　　　"Made in China" daily necessities are expensive

　　　　Every time an international student goes to a new environment, he needs to go to the local area to buy daily necessities. Regarding the "shopping" experience in North Korea, Liu Juan told the reporter of Studying Abroad: "We need to buy a lot of daily necessities and food in Beisai. There is no large-scale department store in Beisai, but basic daily necessities can be found here. We just need to patiently look for them one by one."

　　　　Most of them need to be bought in foreign currency, and the price is not cheap. A box of 900ml milk made in Singapore is priced at $2.50; Oreo cookies cost $5; The asking price of Chinese-made Want Want Snow Cake is US$ 2, most of which are imported, with Singapore, Malaysia, China and Japan as the main import destinations. When you first arrive in North Korea, you need to buy a lot of daily necessities. There are Xicheng Market and Peony Market nearby, where you can buy fruits, vegetables and other daily necessities.

　　　　Through the gate marked with four characters of Xicheng Market, there are several residential buildings side by side on the right hand side, and there are five doors on the left hand side, four of which are entrances to four different areas of the market. From the outside to the inside, there are parking lots, grocery areas, building materials areas, industrial products areas and food areas.

　　　　Most of each booth is as big as a desk for primary school students, and it is filled with all kinds of goods waiting to be sold. The quantity of each commodity is small, mostly made in China, but the price is more than twice as high as that in China.

　　　　For example, a roll of ordinary transparent adhesive ranging from 50 cents to 1.50 yuan costs 800 yuan, equivalent to RMB in 8 yuan. 18 yuan’s small rechargeable desk lamp with RMB around costs 3,600, which is twice as expensive. There are countless such examples. Especially after entering the food area, this feeling will be more profound.

　　　　The basic structure of each area is basically similar, but the types of goods sold are different. The groceries area mainly sells clothes, shampoos, clothes hangers, headropes and other miscellaneous daily necessities. The building materials area sells such items as nails, tape, ropes, bicycle bells, screens and so on, and the number of male salespeople is much higher than that in other areas.

　　　　"I still enjoyed the experience of studying in North Korea this time."

　　　　Restaurants and shops in Beisai Commercial Street have been "found out" by Liu Juan and others. Which chicken leg is delicious, which kimchi fried rice is delicious, which one can easily change money, and which one is the most affordable to eat meat or vegetables … is one of the main topics they usually discuss.

　　　　Several restaurants frequented by international students are Liming Restaurant, Mingxing Restaurant and Ethnic Restaurant, and there is also a Korean currency restaurant called Kaixuan (paying in Korean currency). Although their menus are similar, the tastes need to be patiently distinguished to find the one that suits your taste best. Tasting Korean food has greatly enriched the extracurricular life of international students.　

　　　　In Liu Juan’s own words, although studying abroad didn’t make her experience the real life of the Korean people, it played a great role in her understanding of the country’s living habits and customs. "Studying abroad is to experience the cultures and habits of different countries and nationalities. I still enjoy the experience of studying in North Korea this time." Liu Juan told the reporter of Studying Abroad.

The "Good Bad Review" option is juxtaposed with "Online Application, Online Appointment, Online Consultation" and so on.

The evaluation level of "good bad review" is divided into five.

On October 28th, Wang Yi, a lawyer assistant in a law firm in Chengdu, opened a web browser, entered the keyword "Sichuan Government Service Network", entered the home page, found the online service window she needed in the "Personal Service-Professional Qualification" option, and immediately completed an application.

After some operation, Wang Yi’s working experience was excellent. She chose the smiling face pattern in the column of "Good Bad Review" to draw a satisfactory conclusion for this online work.

Wang Yi is an early adopter who holds a "power bar" with good and bad reviews. On the same day, Sichuan launched the "Good Bad Review" platform for government services. In the future, every user can play "good review" or "bad review" for the experience of government services like Wang Yi.

All service matters are included in the evaluation scope.

"This is an all-round revision." The person in charge of the relevant departments of the general office of the provincial government summed it up. He introduced, "The upgraded Sichuan government service network integrates seven major sections, such as’ home page, personal service, corporate service, direct access to cities and states, direct access to departments, interaction between the government and the people, and openness of government affairs’, and realizes five services, such as’ event service, identity authentication, payment service, license service and good and bad reviews’."

Among them, the new "good bad review" platform has attracted much attention. The person in charge said that in order to implement the requirement of establishing a "good bad review" system for government services in Premier Li Keqiang’s "Government Work Report" in 2019, Sichuan has specially issued a "Work Plan on Establishing a" good bad review "system for government services" in light of the actual situation, and formulated an overall "good bad review" action plan for the whole province. "The government service network has a’ good bad review’ area, which means that users can make an outspoken evaluation of the satisfaction of government services like online shopping. Whether it is praise or spit, or make comments and suggestions. "

On the network platform of "Sichuan Provincial Government Service Network", we can see that the administrative license, administrative payment, administrative confirmation, administrative ruling, administrative reward, and the handling of the people on the 12345 hotline have all been included in the evaluation scope of "good and bad reviews". The options of "Good Bad Review" and "Online Application", "Online Appointment" and "Online Consultation" are listed in the service options column.

Full coverage of online and offline "good bad reviews"

In the eyes of the experiencer Wang Yi, the construction of the platform of "good bad reviews" is to actually hand over the "assessor" to test whether the client is satisfied. "What is the experience of the parties, and they have the most say."

According to the design, the evaluation level of "good bad reviews" is divided into five levels, namely, very satisfied, satisfied, basically satisfied, dissatisfied and very dissatisfied. Evaluation to take real-name registration system, enterprises and the masses every time for a government service matters, can be evaluated after the completion of a ..

According to the person in charge of the platform, it is a prominent feature of the platform to achieve full coverage of online and offline "good and bad reviews" channels. Among them, online evaluations include Sichuan government service network, Tianfu Tongban, WeChat applet, Alipay applet, etc. Offline evaluation includes evaluator, code scanning, SMS, self-service terminal, QR code, "12345" government service hotline, etc.

Take the online evaluation of Sichuan government affairs service network as an example. When the clerk wants to evaluate the completed documents, he can enter the user center, select "My Evaluation" and click "Documents to be evaluated" to evaluate the listed items. It is worth mentioning that the service object is not evaluated within 7 working days after receiving the service, and the system will evaluate it as "basically satisfied" by default.

"Bad review" object completes rectification within 15 days.

What’s the use after obtaining the evaluation results? The person in charge of the relevant departments of the general office of the provincial government responded that the "good bad review" platform aims to improve the quality of government services in the province and accelerate the creation of a market-oriented and legalized international business environment. If the "dissatisfied" or "very dissatisfied" evaluation items are found to be true, it is required to make rectification within 15 days, and the rectification results will be fed back to the evaluator through online government service platform, mobile user center and SMS.

For the incentive of "praise", it is clearly put forward that all relevant departments (units) in all parts of the province should link "praise" with the performance appraisal of units and individuals as an important content of target performance, annual assessment and advanced selection, and obviously increase the praise and incentive. (Reporter   Li Yuanli)