Original Jason Lu Shiqing Shanghai Law Society

Jason Lu, Vice President of Labor Law Research Association of Shanghai Law Society, Director and Chief Partner of Shanghai Jiangsanjiao Law Firm.

Shi Qing, lawyer of Shanghai Jiangsanjiao Law Firm.

synopsis

A major feature of the sharing economy is to mobilize and match service providers through the big data mining of platform enterprises’ demand for consumers. As a result, the working time and space conditions in the sense of past labor relations have been diluted, and it is difficult for a large number of service providers to seek treatment and relief under them. Taking representative cases as samples, this paper makes a subtle analysis of the power structure of employers and employees in platform enterprises in different industries, and finds that although the contractual relationship between the two parties is different from the legal relationship model of labor relations in the past, the management of platform enterprises is actually strengthened. This reinforcement is embodied in ten aspects, such as deposit/deposit, training and attendance, remuneration payment, service provision, assessment and punishment, rewards and subsidies, collection and use of personal information, ownership of intellectual property rights, exclusion of competition and risk outsourcing. All kinds of social subjects in the risk control end, the labor-capital game end and the system design end are in their proper positions, which is a possible way to solve the systemic risk.

Keywords: sharing economy, digital labor, labor disputes, labor relations

I. Background

(A) the sharing economy in recent years: the momentum is rapid, and labor disputes have emerged.

Since 2012, with the emergence of "Didi taxi", the sharing economy has gradually entered the stage of Chinese economic history. Since then, in addition to e-commerce, mobile payment, audio sharing, online rental and bike-sharing have followed. In 2015, it was called "the first year of sharing economy". The sharing economy began to cover all aspects of social life, and services such as driving, housekeeping, beauty, hairdressing, cooking, and daily necessities maintenance became Internet-based.

A major feature of the sharing economy operation model is that at the application level, platform enterprises mobilize and match service providers through big data mining of "information platforms". This new employment mode has realized the digitalization and informationization of business information, work instructions, fund settlement and market evaluation, and the working time and space conditions in the past sense have been diluted.

Therefore, issues such as the protection of the rights and interests of service providers have gradually emerged, and related disputes have begun to arise. These disputes include not only individual disputes between the anchor of the live broadcast platform and domestic service personnel, but also group disputes such as online freight drivers and take-away riders.

In April 2018, Beijing Chaoyang Court analyzed 188 labor dispute cases of Internet platform enterprises tried from 2015 to the first quarter of 2018. In addition, the courts in Shanghai and Jiangsu have also published the gist of the relevant cases through the official media. China is exploring the legal issues of employment in platform enterprises.

(B) Labor relations in digital labor: from "ism" to "problems"

There is a long-standing dispute about the identification of labor relations under the platform of sharing economy (Internet platform). In 2014-2015, the practitioners, including government officials, judges and lawyers, almost overwhelmingly believed that in the context of the country’s vigorous development of the "internet plus", the external employment in the sharing economy should apply a more relaxed labor relations identification standard. Only some labor law scholars suggest that we should learn from the experience of Germany, Italy and Japan to avoid the situation of "marginal people without basic salary, unnecessary expense reimbursement, social security, high turnover rate and no economic compensation". With the expansion of the scope of the dispute, practical and theoretical research has gradually deepened. Sociologists began to use the method of field investigation to study the service providers’ professional psychology, and labor relations scholars also began to conduct quantitative research on the control of labor process by capital through internet technology. However, some network law scholars noticed the essence of the "illegal rise" of the sharing economy earlier, and continued to pay attention to the definition of property rights and the avoidance of responsibility in the integration of social resources from the two dimensions of digital labor and platform economy. These studies indicate that the understanding of the employment relationship in the sharing economic platform is gradually moving from an "ism" debate to a detailed and rational "technology" study. This paper selects several typical cases of sharing economic platform, and through the subtle analysis of the power structure of employers and employees behind the cases, reveals the logic behind the court decision, and puts forward some governance suggestions to expand the horizon to pay attention to the allocation of rights and obligations of various participants.

Second, the typical case and the representation of legal relationship

(1) Share typical cases of labor disputes on the economic platform

1. Zhang and Shanghai Lekuai Information Technology Co., Ltd. labor dispute case (chef case)

In this case, the defendant company operates an APP called "Good Chef", which can make online appointments for chefs to provide cooking services. The plaintiff, on the other hand, is an "online contract chef", who is dissatisfied with the company’s "stop paying wages" and appealed to arbitration, demanding that the two parties be confirmed as a labor relationship rather than a contractual "cooperative relationship", and that the company pay double wages, overtime pay, illegal termination of labor compensation, etc. After arbitration, first instance and second instance, the court of second instance finally confirmed the labor relationship between the two parties and supported their claim for economic compensation.

2. Liu v. Tianjin Wubadaojia Life Service Co., Ltd. (manicurist case)

In this case, the plaintiff signed a contract to settle in the beautiful APP platform operated by the defendant and signed the "58 Home Service Agreement". Later, the plaintiff unilaterally terminated the labor contract because the defendant did not pay social insurance and did not pay labor remuneration in full, and appealed to arbitration for confirmation of labor relations and payment of corresponding compensation. In this case, the plaintiff did not confirm the labor relationship because of the lack of proof submitted by the defendant to prove his management.

3. Xue Mou et al. v. Shanghai Shenzhou Huadong Car Rental Co., Ltd. and other motor vehicle traffic accident liability dispute case (car driver case)

At the same time, this case involves the network car driver, the network car platform company (Shenzhou company), the outsourcing company and the infringed party. Xue was injured by Shimou, the driver of Zhaoshi, who was a formal employee of the outsourcing company at the time of the accident and was performing the operation business distributed by the network car platform company. In addition, the accident vehicle is a non-operating vehicle registered under the name of the network car platform company. Subsequently, Xue sued Shimou, the platform company and the outsourcing company to the court. Because the court of first instance only found that Shimou had a labor relationship with the outsourcing company, it ruled that the outsourcing company was liable for compensation other than traffic compulsory insurance, while the network car platform company was not liable for the employer. Xue appealed to the network car platform company and the outsourcing company to bear joint liability. The court of second instance supported its claim.

4. He and Shanghai Panda Mutual Entertainment Culture Co., Ltd. confirmed the labor relations dispute appeal case (anchor case). The plaintiff in this case was a game anchor who settled in the defendant’s live broadcast network platform company and signed an exclusive cooperation agreement with the defendant. Because the plaintiff believed that the two parties were in a labor relationship, he filed a labor arbitration to determine the relationship, and the defendant paid double wages for the unsigned labor contract. After arbitration, first instance and second instance, the court finally failed to support its request.

5. Li and Beijing Tongcheng Bing Technology Co., Ltd. confirmed the labor relations dispute case (flash courier case)

In this case, Li, a flasher, had a traffic accident when he was engaged in the flasher business. In order to enjoy the treatment of work-related injury insurance, he sued the operator of the "flasher" platform to the court to confirm the existence of labor relations between the two parties. The key to this case is that the court broke through the business scope of the platform company and determined that it actually provided cargo transportation business, and then confirmed the labor relationship between the two parties through the judgment elements of labor relations.

(B) Representation: a legal relationship model different from previous labor relations.

It is worth noting that although the chef case and the flash courier case have confirmed the labor relationship between the two parties, they are still relatively few in all similar cases. In the current labor dispute cases of the sharing economic platform, the sharing economic platform almost invariably refuses to recognize the labor relationship with the service provider, while the court mainly examines the subject nature, management behavior, remuneration payment and business subordination according to the Notice on Establishing Labor Relations issued by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in 2005. Accordingly, the legal relationship model of sharing economic platform presents the following four characteristics which are different from those of previous labor relations.

1. "Bring your own dry food" practitioners

"Bring your own dry food" means that service providers may complete their tasks with their own work materials and ability. Internet platforms only provide business information and settlement support, and services are provided without the cooperation of other practitioners. The combination of labor relations is that employees must be attached to the employer and complete their work with the cooperation of other workers under the organization of the employer.

2. The business nature of "lump sum"

In the past identification of labor relations, the employers or organizations of employees often mastered the internal standards and external pricing of the products they produced, and supervised the industry access and the implementation of industry standards. However, at least in the early days, the sharing economy platform often does not regulate the access of practitioners, service standards and pricing. Some platforms even allow practitioners to get paid directly from customers, and practitioners are almost "all-in" self-employed. Of course, the internal and external responsibilities caused by them are also borne by practitioners.

3. Platform enterprises whose business scope is inconsistent with the business purpose.

Practitioners obtain service information from the Internet platform, but the Internet platform does not recognize the enjoyment of labor results. Platform enterprises often claim that they are actually engaged in the development and operation of application software and the integration and push of service information, and do not directly operate physical business. Therefore, there is a big gap between the labor of practitioners and the business scope of Internet platforms.

4. Weakened subordination

The subordination here is manifested in three levels:

First, the weakening of working time and space means that practitioners may have the autonomy to decide whether to work, working hours and even working forms, and are no longer on full-time standby and working. You only need a mobile phone to work all over the world.

Second, the attribute of task management is weakened, that is, the so-called grabbing orders instead of dispatching orders. After customers input consumption information into the Internet platform or the Internet platform to collect consumption information, they share the information in the practitioners’ terminals, and the practitioners choose to provide services or compete according to standards such as time sequence and distance, and the winners of the competition complete the consumption services.

Third, the core interests are weakened from the attributes, as shown in the second point.

Third, platform enterprises: the agreement excludes identification and actually strengthens management.

(1) Deposit/security deposit

Platform enterprises often collect deposits from service providers. The role of the deposit seems obvious, that is, the use fee of the means of production: for example, in the chef case, the platform enterprise said that the deposit was "the rental fee for providing chef’s clothes and cooking utensils, and it would be returned when the items were returned". In addition, some platforms also charge a deposit for transactions. For example, in a case of a manicurist service platform, the platform enterprise agreed that a manicurist should use the platform to obtain service order information, and should pay the deposit to the platform.

However, the use of this deposit/margin is often intertwined with the functions of other platform enterprises. The production materials provided by the platform enterprises are accompanied by the platform logo, and the obligation to pay the deposit/deposit actually constitutes the propaganda obligation of the service provider and the platform packaging of the platform to the service provider. The deposit/security deposit is also used to deduct the share drawn by the platform enterprise from the service fee, and the platform enterprise can also deduct the cost of using the means of production by the service provider from the remuneration it receives. In addition, some platform enterprises will also use the deposit as a weight to retain service providers when they are restructured, such as stipulating that "resignation within six months will not be refunded, resignation within six months to one year will be refunded by half, and full refund will be made after one year".

(2) Training and attendance

Also based on the requirements of standardized services and the consideration of platform packaging, platform enterprises often conduct pre-job training. For example, in the case of manicurist, platform enterprises require to participate in standardized training for services according to the order service standards formulated by them during the trial period. According to the manicurist, the training content includes nail technology, service process, how to use the beautiful APP platform and how to serve customers, etc., and there is income during the training period.

In addition, platform enterprises are not without attendance requirements. In the chef’s case, the chef said that he had to report to the office and dispatch station of the company’s management staff at 10: 00 in the morning, and he had to report here at 18: 30 in the evening, in the form of punching in, and his salary would be deducted if he was late. In the manicurist case, the manicurist also said that the platform enterprise stipulated the manicurist’s rest time in the APP platform, and there were four days’ rest in a month. The leave had to go through the platform, and he had to call the team leader appointed by the platform enterprise, and the team leader could rest only after applying for approval.

(3) Payment of remuneration

As the core point of determining the legal relationship between the two parties, remuneration payment needs special attention. Under the background of revenue sharing, platform enterprises often master pricing, control distribution and issue fixed "bonuses" on a monthly basis, but legally exclude monthly remuneration as the qualitative nature of wages.

1. Revenue sharing model

The compensation distribution mode between platform enterprises and service providers can be divided into two types according to whether the platform enterprises draw from it. In the case that the platform enterprises do not draw, the main business purpose is to collect information from the supply and demand sides, and the profit point is mostly advertising fees; In the case of platform enterprises, the profit point has shifted. In the case of the chef, the platform enterprise provides the chef with the above two revenue sharing methods, and the chef chooses the second one, that is, he not only accepts the door-to-door cooking service appointed by customers through the platform, but also is willing to accept the door-to-door cooking service appointed and dispatched by Party A.. At this time, the customer’s service fee is allocated by both parties, and the platform pays the chef’s expenses caused by scheduling. In the manicurist case, both parties agreed that the information service fee collected by the platform was 20% of the monthly service fee collected by the platform.

2. Pricing power of services

On the surface, self-employed people should enjoy the right to price the services they provide, including the right to decide the initial price and the right to adjust the price according to the objective situation or customer requirements in the actual service process. However, in practice, platform enterprises tend to firmly control the price agreed by both parties on the platform to prevent breach of contract or fraud from damaging the interests of the platform. For example, in the case of the chef, the platform enterprise agreed that the service price of the chef should not be modified without authorization once it is released. If the service price is changed to the reserved customer without authorization in violation of the regulations, the platform enterprise has the right to immediately terminate its cooperation relationship and demand compensation for the corresponding losses.

3. Settlement object

That is, whether the fees paid by customers are paid directly to the service provider or through the platform. In the case of manicurists, the platform claims that the income of manicurists comes from the service fees paid by manicurists in cash (that is, offline) or online. However, in its agreement with manicurists, it is written that the manicurists use the information services provided by the platform. After the trial period expires, the platform enterprises should be fully entrusted to collect and manage the service payment for orders on their behalf. At the time of settlement, the platform enterprise has the right to deduct the information service fee that the service provider should pay to the platform. In the case of Chef, the platform enterprise also recognized that the money received by the service provider was the cooperation fee paid by the platform enterprise as an intermediary platform after collecting the service payment from consumers.

4. The nature, standard and settlement cycle of remuneration

Platform enterprises often do not recognize the remuneration as wages, but recognize the remuneration as a "package income" mainly based on "incentive bonus". For example, in the case of the manicurist, although the platform enterprise advocates that the service provider’s labor remuneration on the platform comes from the service fee paid by the customers who receive nail services, it also agrees that the service provider can earn no less than 10,000 yuan per month (including meal supplement, order incentive bonus and other rewards that can be obtained according to the platform incentive policy) on the premise that the service provider abides by the relevant agreements. In the case of the chef, the platform enterprise claims that the remuneration paid is the cooperation fee including the over-single reward. In the anchor case, the two parties agreed that if the anchor reaches the minimum monthly live broadcast days, monthly average daily live broadcast times and monthly live broadcast duration, it will receive RMB 7,000. However, although the platform enterprises have agreed on a series of conditions for the payment of remuneration, they are still paid on a fixed monthly basis when actually paying.

(4) Provision of services

Corresponding to remuneration payment is service provision. In the process of service provision, platform enterprises often strictly control the service provider, the time and place of service, the right to choose and refuse.

1. Personal exclusivity

First of all, consistent with the agreements on publishing, performance and technology development, the service provider must provide services by himself, showing strong personal specificity. For example, the entry agreement of a live broadcast platform stipulates that "without the written consent of the platform, it is not allowed to directly or indirectly or in any way complete the live broadcast content agreed in this agreement by itself or entrust a third party", and once it is violated, the platform has the right to immediately terminate the contract and take the unpaid webcast fee as liquidated damages. If the amount of liquidated damages is still insufficient to compensate for the loss of the platform, the service provider should also make supplementary compensation.

2. Time and place of service

For the on-site service requirements put forward by customers, platform enterprises often require service providers to arrive at the service location on time. In the case of chef, if the platform enterprise agreed that the customer would make an appointment for home cooking to the service provider through the platform, the service provider should arrive at the service place to provide cooking service for the customer within the time agreed by the customer. In the manicurist case, if the service provider fails to arrive at the service location required by the customer on time, the platform has the right to punish until the cooperation relationship is terminated.

3. The right to choose and refuse services

Does the service provider have the right to choose customers? Under the mode of grabbing orders, service providers certainly have the right to choose customers, although the result of selection is uncertain. However, in the delivery mode, customers place orders online through APP software, and platform enterprises will give priority to pushing a service provider according to the geographical location of the service provider. At this time, the service provider will lose the right to choose.

So in this case, does the service provider have the right to refuse? This has become the main concern of judges and both parties in the identification of labor relations in platform enterprises. For example, in the chef case, if the court asks this question in court, the platform enterprise can refuse the answer, but it will affect the good award. If the service provider has no time, the platform enterprise can arrange others, but it needs to consult the customer in advance whether to accept or withdraw the order; The chef advocates that you can’t refuse to take orders, and if you refuse, you will deduct your salary. There are similar opposing views in the manicurist case.

(5) Supervision, assessment and punishment

Based on the comprehensive interests of platform enterprises and service providers, they often supervise and assess service providers and give corresponding disciplinary measures. For example, in the format agreement for the live broadcast of a platform, it is stipulated that platform enterprises have the right to formulate platform operation system and management rules for anchors, manage and supervise anchors, and have the right to adjust or change corresponding rules according to operation conditions, and the anchors understand and agree with this; In addition, the platform also has the right to inspect and judge the anchor, so as to establish (cancel) the reward or punishment for the anchor. The specific inspection items and standards shall be formulated separately by the platform, without the additional consent of the anchor.

In the manicurist case, the platform enterprise not only has assessment, but also has irregular disciplinary system: during the validity of the agreement, the platform has the right to assess the service providers irregularly, and has the right to classify the enjoyment level of order information services according to the assessment results and formulate information service policies and related systems during the assessment period. If the service fails to satisfy the customer and the customer complains, the platform has the right to impose a scoring disciplinary system on the manicurist. If the customer scores a certain number of bad reviews or complaints, the platform has the right to terminate the cooperative relationship with the manicurist and ask Party B to compensate the corresponding losses.

(6) Awards and subsidies

The reward and subsidy system of platform enterprises has also become an important incentive to attract service providers to register. For example, in the manicurist case, platform enterprises will pay subsidies according to the amount of bills, the amount of bills and customer evaluation. At the same time, however, platform enterprises also stipulate that "in order to adapt to the changing market policies and situation, the platform has the right to introduce certain incentive policies such as transportation subsidies and incentive bonuses from time to time, but service providers do not have the right to demand compensation, compensation or claim such subsidies, bonuses and other incentive funds in any way", which limits the right of service providers to claim them as wages. In the online live broadcast industry, where the gifteconomy is the most widely used, the service provider obtains the benefits by obtaining the virtual props donated by the users according to the exchange rules and sharing ratio formulated by the platform, and the rewards are directly linked to the customer evaluation (gifts).

(7) Collection and use of personal information

The transfer of personal information of service providers is also worthy of attention. In fact, as an important asset of platform enterprises, the acquisition of personal information of service providers is an inevitable requirement of platform brand promotion. In the settlement agreement of the live broadcast platform, it is often stipulated that the platform has the right to use the anchor’s name (including but not limited to your real name, pen name, screen name, previous name and any character symbol representing your identity) and portrait (including but not limited to real portrait and cartoon portrait, etc.) for all kinds of publicity. In the case of the chef, the two parties agreed that the chef "knows and agrees to provide some private information such as his own identity information and contact information to the platform and publish it", and at the same time "knows and agrees that the price corresponding to the cooking service he provides will be published and published by the platform. On the other hand, some platforms also take the publicity and promotion of service providers as a service. For example, in the case of manicurists, the platform will manage and display personal information and order service information for manicurists, and will push and promote them as "value-added services".

(8) Ownership of intellectual property rights

In the case that the provision of services will produce intellectual property rights, platform enterprises often determine their ownership through agreements. For example, it is stipulated in the agreement of a live broadcast platform that all intellectual property rights (including but not limited to intellectual property rights such as copyright and trademark rights and all related derivative rights), ownership and related rights of all achievements (including but not limited to commentary videos and audio, and any words, videos and audio related to the matters in this agreement) generated by the service provider during the live webcast of the platform shall be enjoyed by the platform enterprise. All this is free and unlimited. Without the written consent of the platform, the anchor shall not use or provide or authorize any third party in any way and obtain any income.

(9) Eliminate competition

On the basis of determining the rights, the platform enterprises will request to exclude the possibility of any competition among service providers. For example, in the anchor case, it is stipulated in the live broadcast agreement between the two parties: the anchor agrees to use the live broadcast platform as an exclusive platform for live internet sharing, and He promises not to share the live broadcast on any third-party internet platform outside the platform without the written consent of the platform during the cooperation period. The anchor shall not broadcast live games outside the scope specified or recognized by the platform, and shall not broadcast live in the name of non-platform recognition; Without the prior written consent of the platform, no non-platform product introduction is allowed; Do not undertake any commercial activities of any competitive platform during the agreement period, and do not upload the video uploaded to the platform directly or through a third party to the competitive platform.

It is worth noting that, despite a slight lack of supervision, some sharing economic platforms based on manual labor will still agree with service providers on "excluding competition" clauses. In the case of flash courier, the two parties agreed that "couriers should not provide services for other platforms at the same time", which eventually led to the court’s decision to confirm labor relations to some extent.

(X) Risk outsourcing

Even with the above-mentioned behaviors, platform enterprises often think that service providers are self-employed people at their own risk and should guarantee their services for defects. In both the manicurist case and the chef case, the platform pleaded that "the service provider is a freelancer who provides services to customers with his own skills at his own risk". The live broadcast platform also stipulates a "safeharbour" exemption: if the anchor results contain other people’s intellectual property rights, portrait rights, name rights or other legitimate rights and interests, it should ensure that the legal authorization of the relevant rights holders has been obtained, and it has the right to authorize the platform to be used permanently and free of geographical restrictions; In case of violation of the regulations, the platform has the right to require the anchor payment platform to pay the relevant fees to the other party by itself or by entrusting a third party, and deduct them from the webcast fee of the anchor in equal amount, and the insufficient part of the anchor should be supplemented; If the platform suffers any economic and reputational losses, the anchor shall make full compensation and be responsible for eliminating the adverse effects.

Another typical method of transferring risks is outsourcing. In the case of traffic accidents of car drivers, platform enterprises try to avoid the possibility of being liable to employers because of the car drivers’ job behavior by letting them sign labor contracts with outsourcing companies. Platform enterprises believe that according to Road traffic accident responsibility confirmation, the cause of the accident is improper operation of the driver, not the vehicle itself involved, and the platform enterprise is only the owner of the vehicle and there is no fault, so it should not bear any responsibility; The outsourcing company, which is also a wholly-owned subsidiary of the platform enterprise, voluntarily assumes the responsibility beyond the insurance scope. For the internet catering platform, it has become normal to outsource the labor relations of food delivery staff to other companies.

It should be noted that based on the business logic of sharing economic platform, although most of its management measures can be attributed to the above ten points, not all of them are applicable to a certain platform. For example, some platforms do not necessarily require service providers to provide guarantees, and some platforms do not necessarily restrict the competition of service providers or emphasize the ownership of intellectual property rights.

Nevertheless, it is still necessary to consider whether controlling one point or several points can actually lead to global control in management in the process of realizing commercial purposes of platform enterprises. For example, even if there are requirements for the anchor to get paid, such as the minimum number of days of monthly live broadcast (15 days), the average number of people per month (3,000 people per day) and the length of time (80 hours), such restrictions undoubtedly rule out any possibility that the anchor can use his major to do the same or similar work during the service period. You don’t just need a mobile phone to work all over the world at any time; But even if you only need a mobile phone, you must work on this platform every day. This leverage effect on the control of service providers is particularly worthy of attention under the background of the obvious trend of oligopoly pattern in various industries.

Fourth, the turn of the court: weighing the protection of rights and interests and sharing economic development

In the case of confirming labor relations, the judge first considers whether the individual has personal and organizational subordination, that is, how many "management privileges" the platform enterprises have.

For example, in the manicurist case, the reasons why the court found that the two sides did not belong to labor relations included:

(1) It is agreed by both parties that manicurists can choose their own working hours and working places, and there is no need to work in shifts, and there is no special and fixed office space;

(2) Both parties agree that the settlement method of the service fee includes online payment by the customer, which is paid to the manicurist on a monthly basis after deducting the information service fee from the platform, or the customer pays the manicurist directly in cash, so the income of the manicurist is composed of the customer service fee rather than paid labor arranged by the platform enterprise;

(3) The business scope of the platform enterprise is the collection and release of business supply information, excluding the operation of manicure business, so the manicure service provided by manicurists is not a part of the platform enterprise.

However, in the case of 2018, the author saw the turn of some local courts, especially Beijing courts. Its turn mainly considers the fairness of rights protection, the consistency of rights and obligations and the anti-risk ability of the contending subject.

(1) Fairness

In fact, behind fairness is the ranking of values worthy of national protection. For example, when it comes to citizens’ basic rights, such as labor safety and health, citizens’ health rights, etc., the court will tend to protect the disadvantaged party in the dispute. However, the court will treat it with caution if it involves demands such as double wages for unsigned labor contracts. For example, in the chef case, although the court found that the subordinate relationship between the two parties conforms to the essential characteristics of labor relations, at the same time, based on the signed Cooperation Agreement, the relevant labor rights and interests of the chef were legally guaranteed, so the service provider’s claim of double wage difference without signing a written labor contract was not supported.

(2) Consistency of rights and obligations

In addition to fairness, courts sometimes consider the consistency of rights and obligations of platform enterprises. For example, in the driver’s case, the court held that the vehicle was owned by the platform company, and the platform company also insured it. After the incident, the insurance company assumed the responsibility of claim settlement, and the original judgment found that the platform company did not assume the responsibility of claim settlement, which was inconsistent with law and reason; Moreover, the driver of the special car drives the vehicle of the platform company to operate according to the instructions of the platform company, and the car calling service and the payment of the fare of the relevant special car are operated through the platform company, and the proceeds also belong to the platform company. Since the platform company enjoys the rights, it should bear the corresponding liability for compensation.

In the case of flash courier, the judge even pointed out that platform enterprises should not bear the legal and social responsibilities they should bear because they have adopted new technical means and new business methods.

(3) Ability to resist risks

The application of anti-risk ability first appears in the distribution of burden of proof. For example, in the chef case, the court held that the platform company, as a network company, has the ability and obligation to prove the details of the "cooperation" between its company and the chef under the business model with the mobile Internet as the background, so as to prove that the "cooperation" process between the two parties fully conforms to the terms stipulated in its cooperation agreement. Although the platform company claims that the remuneration paid to chefs on the 15th of each month is cooperation fees such as over-the-counter rewards, not wages, as the remuneration issuer, it has not provided evidence to prove the calculation details and specific basis for paying chefs’ remuneration, nor has it provided evidence to prove that the "Good Chef" platform reward policy has been delivered to the chefs or reached an agreement with them, so it should be considered that this fee is the nature of wages.

In addition, the judgment standard of anti-risk ability is also directly reflected in the system design of labor management. In the case of flash courier, the judge held that as a company operating by using new technical means, it can fully use the advantages of information technology to realize legal operation and management. The court cannot refuse to provide basic rights relief to workers because the relevant supporting system is not perfect. Therefore, the responsibility of reducing employment risks is directly assigned to the enterprises sharing the economic platform.

V. Jiang Triangle Viewpoint: The governance of labor disputes in the sharing economy requires the social subjects to "take their places".

However, the turn of the above courts is only a very small number in the current overall judicial decisions. Based on the local court’s consideration of the local political and economic environment and many other subjective and objective reasons, it is still difficult for the system implementation end to make long-term considerations such as the case of flash courier. Therefore, the author believes that in the management of labor disputes in the sharing economy, we should broaden our horizons to pay attention to the distribution of rights and obligations of various participants, which is mainly reflected in risk control, labor-capital game and system design.

(1) Risk control end

The prevention of disputes within enterprises is the main barrier to control risks, but nowadays platform enterprises generally fail to completely exhaust the existing labor system subjectively or objectively. Positive cases, such as an Internet electronic equipment maintenance platform, also encountered many personnel management confusion problems that start-up Internet companies often encountered when it was established in 2015. After systematic employment design, through outsourcing relationship, labour relation, labor dispatch relationship, and applying for special working hours under standard labor relations, the risk management and control of employment in Internet platform enterprises are completed. The systematic design of employment mode not only gives service providers a sense of belonging, but also curbs the current situation of service providers "taking private jobs", thus achieving a win-win situation between labor and capital, making this enterprise one of the few industry unicorns.

(B) Labor-capital game end

Another reason for frequent labor disputes in platform enterprises is the lack of collective organization and collective bargaining. A positive case, for example, in Shanghai in early 2018, the first online food delivery industry trade union in China-Putuo District Online Food Delivery Industry Trade Union Federation was established. There are five online food delivery workers’ unions established in Putuo District, and more than 400 online food delivery workers have joined the unions. In addition, the advantage of Internet economy lies in the perfect evaluation system, and the ubiquitous digital labor is providing channels for civil supervision. For example, the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration has piloted an internal reporting system for take-away food delivery staff, encouraging more than 30,000 take-away food delivery staff in Shanghai to find and report the problem merchants on the online ordering platform at the first time. This system, to some extent, shares the regulatory responsibility of platform enterprises.

(3) System design end

A typical case of system design is the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Booking Taxi Operating Services jointly issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Communications in 2016. This method provides detailed regulations on the network car platform company, vehicles and drivers of the network car, and the management behavior of the network car, which largely regulates the benefit distribution of the network car industry in China and affects its development pattern. However, in other industries, the value distribution link of the sharing economy has been seriously neglected, and the corresponding system design is extremely lacking. To understand the value distribution state of sharing economy, firstly, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the temporal and spatial pedigree of digital labor, and secondly, it is necessary to analyze the formation and development model of sharing economy platform. In addition, what is special for China is that the Internet economy (or digital economy) and the network security problems it brings almost coincide with globalization. A major feature of its business model is to break through the boundaries of the atomic world (national boundaries). In this bit world, the global ecology of digital economy industry and the flow of value chain are equally worthy of attention.

In recent years, the global Internet economy has developed rapidly, and it has continuously impacted a country’s existing systems such as competition law, copyright law, privacy law, labor and employment law. The platform economy lies in the development mode of Internet enterprises, and its risks are often accompanied by huge benefits. On the other hand, Internet companies in China are constantly going abroad, and some of them have even become a model for a country to learn from. Therefore, China should take the lead in controlling the systemic risks of the whole society that may be caused by Internet platform enterprises, and China Internet enterprises should take the corresponding social responsibilities.

Shanghai Law Society welcomes your contribution.

fxhgzh@vip.163.com

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Source: Shanghai Law Research, Volume 15, 2019 (Labor Law Research Volume). Please indicate the source when quoting and reprinting.

Original title: "Jason Lu Shiqing: A Judicial Case Study of Typical Labor Disputes in China Sharing Economic Platform"

Read the original text

　　Sino-Singapore Finance May 10th On the 10th, the National Development and Reform Commission held a press conference to introduce the development plan of bio-economy in the 14th Five-Year Plan. Wang Xiang, deputy director of the High-tech Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced that the Plan foresees the development goal in 2035: the comprehensive strength of bio-economy is in the forefront of the world, basically forming a new development situation with leading technology level, strong industrial strength, extensive integration and application, strong resource guarantee, controllable security risks and complete institutional system.

　　Wang Xiang said that this Plan is China’s first five-year plan for bio-economy. In the process of compiling, four requirements were emphasized.

　　The first is to strengthen the top-level design. China is one of the countries with the richest biological resources in the world, with complete categories and systems of bio-industry, which has favorable conditions for accelerating the development of bio-economy, but the top-level design and overall planning of bio-economic development is still blank. Therefore, the Plan adheres to the systematic concept, the top-level design, the forward-looking layout and the overall implementation, pays attention to the coordinated development of the supply side and the demand side of the bio-economy, and based on the protection, development, allocation and use of biological resources, systematically promotes the extensive penetration of life sciences and biotechnology into the fields of medicine, health, agriculture, energy and environmental protection of the national economy, accelerates the construction of a modern bio-industrial system, and lays a solid foundation for the rapid and healthy development of bio-economy.

　　The second is to support the national strategy. China is in a new development stage of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and marching towards the goal of the second century. In this important strategic opportunity period, the development of bio-economy and the global biotechnology revolution and industrial transformation wave have formed a major historical intersection. To this end, the Plan is based on the new development stage, implements the new development concept, constructs a new development pattern, takes bio-economy as an important part of China’s science and technology economic strategy in the coming period, provides new solutions to major challenges such as life and health, climate change, resource and energy security, and food security, and provides strong support for building a higher level of healthy China, beautiful China and safe China.

　　The third is to create a good environment. Life science and biotechnology have fast updating speed and short iteration period, which puts forward new requirements for related technology review and product access policies. To this end, the "Planning" proposes to follow the development law of biotechnology, persist in encouraging innovation, tolerance and prudence, and make concerted efforts, continuously deepen reforms in terms of industry access, market application, and intellectual property rights, build a good innovation ecology, and accelerate the formation of a policy environment conducive to the innovation and development of bio-economy.

　　The fourth is to coordinate development and security. Biosafety has generally become an important part of the security system of big countries. To this end, the Plan adheres to the overall national security concept, strengthens the bottom line thinking, coordinates bio-economic development and bio-security guarantee, and strives to prevent and respond to bio-security risks that may affect bio-economic development.

　　Wang Xiang introduced that the "Planning" has formulated the development goals during the "14 th Five-Year Plan" period, which can be summarized as "five new ones": the total scale of bio-economy has reached a new level, the proportion of economic added value in GDP has steadily increased, and the number of enterprises with annual operating income of more than 10 billion yuan has increased significantly; The comprehensive strength of biotechnology has been improved, the investment intensity of bio-industry research and development has been significantly improved, and the number and influence of regional innovative highlands and industrial clusters have been significantly improved; The integrated development of bio-industry has achieved a new leap, and biotechnology and bio-industry have more widely benefited people’s health, food security, energy security, rural revitalization and green development; The biosafety guarantee capability has reached a new level, and a national-led, multi-dimensional, smooth mechanism and solid foundation biosafety risk prevention and control and governance system has been basically established; The policy environment in the biological field has opened up a new situation, the institutional mechanism and institutional environment are more superior, the market transactions of biotechnology are more active, and the institutional reforms such as review and approval, market access, product pricing, market supervision and property rights protection have continued to deepen.

　　Wang Xiang also said that the Plan defined the specific tasks of bio-economic development, focusing on five aspects.

　　First, vigorously consolidate the foundation of bio-economic innovation, insist on giving full play to the basic role of innovation in bio-economic development, strengthen market orientation and demand traction, accelerate the improvement of bio-technological innovation ability, cultivate and expand innovative subjects with strong competitiveness, optimize regional layout, deepen bio-economic innovation cooperation, and accelerate the development of bio-economic innovation.

　　The second is to cultivate and expand the pillar industries of bio-economy, accelerate the widespread empowerment of health, agriculture, energy, environmental protection, information and other industries by biotechnology, promote the development of medical health, bio-agriculture, bio-energy and bio-environmental protection, bio-information industries, cultivate and develop new industries, new formats and new models, expand the pilot demonstration of bio-technology benefiting people, and comprehensively improve the diversification level of bio-industries.

　　Third, actively promote the protection and utilization of biological resources, strengthen the protection, development and comprehensive utilization of biological resources, improve the development and utilization system of biological resources, standardize the safe sharing of biological resources, form a long-term mechanism for the safe protection, effective development and scientific utilization of biological resources, improve the level of institutionalization, standardization and informatization, and provide basic guarantee for the development of medicine, agriculture, energy and environmental protection.

　　The fourth is to speed up the construction of a biosafety guarantee system, implement the overall national security concept, implement the biosafety law, coordinate development and safety, improve the biosafety risk prevention and control system, enhance the risk prevention and control and disposal ability to deal with major epidemics and biosafety incidents, and effectively build a national biosafety barrier.

　　Fifth, efforts should be made to optimize the policy environment in the biological field, follow the development law of biotechnology, persist in encouraging innovation, tolerance and prudence, and make concerted efforts, continue to deepen reforms in technological innovation, industry supervision, market application, international cooperation and other fields, increase investment in resources such as capital, technology and talents, build an institutional framework that is in line with international standards, strengthen policies to try first, and accelerate the formation of a policy environment conducive to the innovation and development of bio-economy.

　　In addition, the Plan focuses on the higher-level needs of the people in the fields of medicine, food, beauty and safety, and puts forward four key development areas: biomedicine, bio-agriculture, biomass substitution and bio-safety, as well as the improvement of innovation ability, the benefit of biomedical technology, the improvement of modern seed industry, the demonstration of bioenergy and environmental protection industry, the integration and application of biotechnology and information technology, the preservation and development of biological resources, and the bio-economic pilot zone.

　　Wang Xiang introduced the safeguard measures for the implementation of the Plan, focusing on three aspects.

　　The first is to strengthen organizational leadership. To implement the deployment of the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission took the lead in strengthening the overall planning of bio-economic development, improving the coordination mechanism with the participation of all relevant departments, and promoting major plans, major reforms, major policies and major projects for bio-economic development.

　　The second is to create a good atmosphere. Strengthen the popularization of biotechnology and create an environment conducive to the public’s objective and scientific understanding of biotechnology. Strengthen intellectual support for bio-economic development, promote research on major issues, and strengthen policy propaganda and interpretation. Support the holding of an international high-end bio-economic forum to improve China’s bio-economic influence.

　　The third is to strengthen coordination and cooperation. All localities and relevant state departments shall, in accordance with their duties, do a good job in the implementation of the Plan, speed up the formulation of supporting policies, and jointly promote the development and growth of bio-economy. Do a good job in supervision and evaluation to ensure that the objectives and overall strategic tasks of the Plan are implemented.

　　According to the website of the Ministry of Water Resources, in 2020, the Ministry of Water Resources organized relevant technical units to carry out comprehensive monitoring of the operation safety of the Three Gorges Project, dynamically grasping the operation and benefits of the Three Gorges Project, hydrology and water resources, soil and water conservation in the reservoir area, the safety of the reservoir area, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and other related conditions, and comprehensively compiled the main monitoring results of the year to form the Three Gorges Project Bulletin 2020, which was published on the portal of the Ministry of Water Resources.

　　According to the communique, the Three Gorges Project will operate well in 2020, and the comprehensive benefits such as flood control, power generation, shipping, water resources utilization and ecological environment protection will be brought into play significantly. In 2020, the Yangtze River experienced the worst basin flood since 1998, and the Three Gorges Reservoir experienced the largest inflow peak flow, reaching 75,000 cubic meters per second. Through scientific dispatching, the Three Gorges Project has effectively dealt with five numbered floods with peak flow exceeding 50,000 cubic meters per second, and accumulated 25.4 billion cubic meters of flood storage, thus avoiding the use of Jingjiang flood diversion area and Chenglingji flood storage and detention area. The experimental water storage target of 175 meters was successfully achieved for the 11th consecutive year after flood season. In 2020, the annual power generation will be 111.8 billion kWh, setting a new record for the annual power generation of a single hydropower station in the world. The annual cumulative cargo volume of the Three Gorges Shiplock reached 137 million tons. The Three Gorges Reservoir has replenished water for 164 days in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. For the 10th year in a row, the 14th ecological regulation experiment of Three Gorges Reservoir was carried out to promote the reproduction of the four major fishes (black carp, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp) and other fishes producing drifting eggs, and the effect was good. The Three Gorges Reservoir has more water and sediment than in 2019, and the surface water resources in the reservoir area are more than in previous years. The area of soil erosion in the Three Gorges reservoir area has decreased and new achievements have been made in soil and water conservation. The frequency and intensity of earthquakes in the Three Gorges reservoir area are low, the banks of the Three Gorges reservoir are generally stable, the influence of water storage and retreat is properly handled, the river regime in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is generally stable, and comprehensive control measures are further strengthened.

　　The US independent investigation website "Interception" recently revealed that the affiliated institutions of the US Department of Defense had intervened in the public opinion cognition of the Middle East by manipulating topics and deceptive propaganda on social media Twitter, and continued to promote narratives beneficial to the United States and its allies. This is another example of American and Western governments using social media platforms to spread false information and manipulate international public opinion.

　　"White list" account of "wanton rampage"

　　Its content is more likely to get traffic.

　　According to the internal documents obtained from Twitter by Lee Fang, an investigative reporter of Interception website, in July 2017, Nathaniel Keller, an official of the Central Command, one of the Joint Operations Commandments under the Pentagon, sent a form to the Twitter public policy team, which was marked with 52 Arabic accounts.

　　Kale said at the time that these accounts belonged to the US government and posted "related security issues" on Twitter. Kale asked Twitter to give priority to six of these accounts, and one account was dedicated to promoting the U.S. drone attack on Yemen. For example, the U.S. drone attack was "accurate" and killed terrorists rather than civilians.

　　Other accounts in the form focus on promoting militia groups supported by the United States in Syria and anti-Iranian information in Iraq. Many accounts focus on a topic in one field, while others change the topic content regularly.

　　According to Kale’s request, Twitter put these Arabic accounts on the "white list" in order to "enlarge some information".

　　Lee Fang learned from an engineer on Twitter that putting an account on Twitter’s "white list" is basically equivalent to obtaining platform "blue label authentication", which can avoid being marked as "spam" or "account abuse" and its content is more likely to get traffic.

　　Lee Fang found that the Pentagon did not shy away from the connection with these accounts at first, but later began to change its strategy and became secretive, deleting all the information that could reflect the relationship between the accounts and the Pentagon.

　　Lee Fang pointed out that Twitter has always claimed to "identify and block secret information activities and deceptive propaganda supported by the government on its platform", but behind the scenes, the social media provided "approval and protection" for the US military’s public opinion intervention. Although it is known that these accounts in the Pentagon use fake identities, Twitter has not shut down these accounts for at least two years, and some accounts are still active today.

　　Invited Twitter and Facebook executives.

　　Discuss how to cover up the covert propaganda on the Pentagon’s Internet.

　　According to internal emails, Twitter executives and lawyers publicly discussed the covert propaganda actions of the Pentagon in 2020, and also shared another list of 157 undisclosed Pentagon accounts, which also focused on military issues in the Middle East.

　　According to New York Post, the Pentagon had previously invited Twitter and Facebook executives to attend a confidential meeting in a sensitive information isolation facility, and one of the main topics discussed was how to cover up the Pentagon’s covert propaganda activities on the Internet. After Musk acquired Twitter, he handed over the company’s previous internal discussion records and other documents to "independent journalists" for release to expose "the company’s past bad behavior".

　　The US Central Command did not directly respond to Lee Fang’s revelations, but forwarded the statement made by a Pentagon spokesman in September this year, who said that they were reviewing "military information support activities".

　　In order to expand the effect of public opinion manipulation

　　Accounts in each group often "act together"

　　The rise and development of Internet and social media provide a new environment and means for the American government to influence public opinion.

　　In August this year, a report jointly released by the Network Observation Room of Stanford University and Grafica Research Company, a social network analysis organization, showed that there was a "network of accounts that were interrelated and used deceptive strategies to promote pro-Western narratives in the Middle East and Central Asia" on mainstream western social media such as Twitter, Facebook and "photo wall". These accounts participated in "a series of secret propaganda offensives that lasted for nearly five years" and "continued to promote narratives that benefited the interests of the United States and its allies and opposed Russia, China and Iran".

　　The researchers concluded that some of these accounts are obviously related to the "cross-regional network initiative" of the US Department of Defense. The "Cross-regional Network Initiative" was initiated by the US Special Operations Command in 2008. It used a series of websites to influence public opinion and provide "information support" for US military operations.

　　These accounts are divided into different groups according to the countries and regions where the target audience is located. In order to expand the effect of public opinion manipulation, each group account often "acts in concert" and even posts automatically at certain intervals.

　　The customary rumors of these accounts include: using photos generated by theft, tampering or artificial intelligence as avatars; Issue highly consistent content at the same time with false identities such as "independent media" and "local residents"; Stir up rumors by adding labels and forwarding petitions. In order to concoct "hot topics", these accounts are highly active and concentrated in posting in some cases. The most typical case is that before and after the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis, Central Asian groups posted nearly 200 posts a day, exaggerating Russia’s so-called "threat" to Central Asian countries.

　　These accounts often forward news from pro-Western media, American embassies and consulates abroad, the US military, etc., and sometimes deliberately package the forwarded fake news as original, or link with other related accounts and websites.

　　Eric sperling, executive director of just foreign policy, an anti-war organization in the United States, pointed out that if the Pentagon is shaping its understanding of the overseas role of the US military, it is deeply worrying, and if private enterprises also help to cover up these activities, the situation will be even worse. Congress and social media companies should investigate and take action to let American citizens know that their taxes are used to "positively publicize" the endless war in the United States. According to Xinhua News Agency

Enping city has built a "safe village entrance", and warning signs have been installed at the entrance.

　　"After adding anti-glare nets and road signs, the traffic accidents here have been reduced a lot." Mr. Wen, who works near the G325 national highway, told reporters that before, the intersection in front of the unit was an accident-prone point; Nowadays, anti-glare nets have been added here, traffic lights have been added, unreasonable road turning positions have been closed, and the safety factor has been greatly improved.

　　This series of projects mentioned by Mr. Wen is a microcosm of the work of promoting the system of Enping Highway Affairs Center in Jiangmen City to prevent and resolve road traffic safety risks. Since 2021, the center has carried out in-depth practical activities of "I do practical things for the masses" in the study and education of party history, focused on improving the safety factor of highway travel, and worked hard to solve the "urgent difficulties and worries" problem of people’s safe travel, comprehensively improved the safe traffic capacity of national and provincial highways, and effectively enhanced the people’s sense of gain, security and happiness. The center has invested a total of 16.5 million yuan to systematically upgrade roads to protect citizens’ safe travel.

　　Focus on improving the national highway G325.

　　Effectively reduce hidden dangers of traffic accidents.

　　As one of the busiest transit roads in enping city, the national highway G325 has a complicated traffic environment. In order to effectively eliminate the hidden dangers of road traffic accidents, Jiangmen Enping Highway Affairs Center "suits the right medicine" and focuses on the rectification of the national highway G325.

　　The intersection of Lianjiupi Turntable on National Highway G325 used to be a traffic accident black spot. The intersection connects the north-south direction of National Highway G325, Xinping North Road in Enping City and Provincial Highway S367. The road conditions are extremely complicated, and there are many cars coming and going, and there is no zebra crossing on the road surface, which is often dangerous. Through research, the center optimizes the traffic design of the intersection and widens the intersection where the national highway G325 enters the turntable from north to south. "In the past, drivers often found that there was only one lane when they drove to the turntable. In a hurry, they had to avoid it, or they made a mistake and drove into Xinping North Road in Enping City." The staff of the center told reporters. Now, after optimization and widening, the lane entering the turntable has been increased to two lanes, and a zebra crossing has been drawn. "Next, traffic lights will be installed to further improve the safety factor of pedestrians passing through the roundabout." The staff member said.

　　The center has rectified two circular intersections of Xinping North Road (i.e. Lianjiupi intersection) and Textile Road on National Highway G325, and two intersections of Shengtang (i.e. the intersection of National Highway G325 and Provincial Highway S369) and Dahuai. Among them, at the two intersections of Xinping North Road and Textile Road on the national highway G325, light control is mainly added around the island, straight lanes are added, isolated lanes are reduced, traffic signs are widened, roads are reconstructed, and traffic signs are improved. According to the division of responsibilities, the center is responsible for the above-mentioned pavement construction, and the electric alarm facilities are implemented by the local government. Now, the pavement works of two roundabout have been completed, and corrugated beam barrier has been added at the edge of the roundabout, which has improved the safety factor.

　　At present, the intersection of Agricultural Institute of National Highway G325 is undergoing safety transformation, the U-turn position of the road is greatly widened, and the rightmost lane is set as the U-turn lane, and traffic lights are added to further facilitate the U-turn of large trucks. "In the past, this was a black spot for traffic accidents, and traffic jams occurred from time to time. Now after rectification, this intersection is much safer. " Mr. Xu, who is engaged in the transportation industry, told reporters.

　　At the same time, the center has implemented projects such as eradicating flower beds, widening the road surface and setting up sub-guardrails on the provincial highway S369. This intersection is an important connection point between Liangxi, Niujiang and the national highway G325, and also the main connection point between the entrance and exit of shenyang-haikou expressway Shengtang and the national highway G325. The traffic volume is relatively dense, and this rectification has an important role in clearing roads and improving safety. In addition, the center also reformed the drainage ditch at the intersection of Dahuai and Huaiping to eliminate the hidden danger of water accumulation in this section after heavy rain.

　　Building 304 "Safe Villages"

　　Improve the traffic safety level of national and provincial highways

　　In the past, the entrance and exit of the village road was the accident-prone point. Nowadays, enping city has set up warning lights, parking signs and speed bumps at the entrances and exits of several village roads and national and provincial roads, and trimmed trees that block the line of sight to further standardize the traffic order at the entrances and exits.

　　Micang Village in Encheng Street is an important part of Enping Industrial Park, and there are also "online celebrity Punching Points" such as Yicai Cultural and Creative Park, where people gather. Due to historical reasons, the entrance and exit of village roads are set narrow, which has great security risks. Nowadays, by building a "safe village entrance", vehicles entering and leaving the local village roads can clearly see warning lights, warning belts and signs, and the safety factor has been effectively improved.

　　Since 2021, Enping Highway Affairs Center of Jiangmen City, according to the guidance of its superiors, combined with the actual road conditions, has carried out the rectification of "Yiqing Yi Deng Area", the construction of "Safe Village Entrance" and the rectification of crossing villages and towns on key sections and hidden danger sections, of which "Yiqing Yi Deng Area" has rectified 55 intersections, built 304 "Safe Village Entrance", rectified 16 sections crossing villages and towns, and installed 30.

　　The sections of national highway G325 K163～K165 and provincial highway S276 K139+000 ~ K171+900 (located in Hengbei Town) are listed as high-risk municipal supervision sections due to frequent accidents. The center stepped up its rectification efforts, and completed 69 signs of K163～K165 on the G325 national highway, with 2 kilometers (5,906.67 square meters) of old markings removed and 2 kilometers (8,319.26 square meters) of new markings drawn. 46 hidden danger points of provincial road S276 line K139+000 ~ K171+900 were rectified. A total of 120 road trees were pruned, 40 signs were improved, 32.9 kilometers (202.2 square meters) of old markings were removed, 32.9 kilometers (1,193.7 square meters) of new markings were drawn, 8 meters of concrete barriers were set, and 3,024 meters of wavy barriers were added. After rectification, road safety has been greatly improved.

　　In order to make people travel more safely and comfortably, the center has also improved the road safety facilities of 12 school sections along the national and provincial highways, pasted yellow and black reflective paper for 64 intersections, cleaned the middle crash barrier for 40 kilometers, and invested 1.92 million yuan to install a 23-kilometer anti-glare net for the eastern section of the national highway G325 in enping city to solve the problem of glare of opposite lights.

　　Since the party history study and education was launched, the center has taken the opportunity of implementing "I do practical things for the masses" to solidly promote the systematic prevention and resolution of road traffic safety risks. At present, the work has been completed as a whole, weaving a solid safety net for the safe and smooth road traffic and escorting the people to travel safely.

　　Text/Figure Jiangmen Daily reporter/Wu Jianzheng correspondent/Lin Huahui

　　[Global Network Report] According to a report on the 6th local time in New York Post, USA, Jordan Neely, a homeless black man in new york, was strangled to death by Daniel Penny, a white man, on the subway a few days ago. Penny was released on the same day after being inquired by the local police, which triggered continuous protests from new york people. On the evening of the 6th, a group of protesters even jumped into the subway track to force the oncoming subway to stop, and there were clashes between the police and the protesters. According to law enforcement sources, seven people were arrested in the protest on the 6th.

New York Post said that on the evening of the 6th, a group of protesters jumped into the subway track to stop the oncoming subway, and there was a clash between the police and the protesters.

　　Regarding the cause of the protests, according to local media reports, Nelly, 30, shouted loudly on the subway on May 1, and was later subdued by Penny, a 24-year-old retired naval soldier. Nelly then fell into a coma and was pronounced dead in the hospital. The local police questioned Penny and released him on the same day. The forensic doctor confirmed that Nelly died of homicide on the 3rd.

　　New York Post said that the video showed that at about 6 pm local time on the 6th, at a subway station in new york, several protesters jumped into the subway track and forced the oncoming subway to stop. Protesters shouted "no justice, no peace", while in the background, police could be heard trying to call for order. The demonstrators called for justice for Neely. This dangerous move led to the temporary suspension of the subway station.

　　According to the report, a few minutes later, the police were able to let the demonstrators leave the tracks, so that the subway could enter the station, but the demonstrators continued to try to obstruct the traffic service, and some people began to prevent passengers from getting off the subway. When the police began to evacuate, there was a physical conflict between the protesters and the police. According to the report, some protesters pushed the police, which ignited a "small-scale scuffle." During the conflict, new york police subdued several protesters and arrested them. The report mentioned that some of the protesters shouted "I can’t breathe" to the police, which was a protest slogan when the black man Freud was killed by the American police in 2020.

　　The United States has long faced ethnic conflicts and racial discrimination. As a financial center, new york is also plagued by chronic diseases such as housing shortage, people’s mental health problems not being solved in time, influx of illegal immigrants, drug abuse and deterioration of social security.

　　The internal conflict in Myanmar has not stopped. In the past weekend, at least 114 people were killed in popular protests across Myanmar.

　　According to a report by Reuters on March 28th, people from many places in China spontaneously gathered to mourn the 114 people who died in the protest the day before. The military fired again at a funeral near Yangon that day, and the current casualties are unclear.

　　CCTV News quoted Myanmar media reports on March 27th. As of 14: 00 local time on the 27th, the total number of demonstrators and people killed in protests in various parts of Myanmar reached 65, including 11 in Yangon, 10 in Mandalay, 4 in Mytila and 3 in Kyaukpdong. By the 28th, the death toll had further risen to at least 114. This is the most serious casualty in a single day since the political turmoil in Myanmar on February 1.

　　UN Secretary-General Guterres said on 28th that he was shocked by the death of civilians, including children. On the same day, at least 12 countries issued statements condemning the violence.

　　Overseas Network September 5 th The strongest typhoon "Feiyan" in 25 years swept across Japan on the 4th, killing at least 9 people and injuring 229 others in Japan. Due to the strong momentum of the typhoon, the runway of Osaka Kansai International Airport was seriously flooded, and it was closed at 3 pm local time on the 4th, with about 700 tourists from China stranded. The Consulate General of China in Osaka is trying to arrange and transfer tourists from China.

　　According to the official Weibo of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Kansai International Airport in Osaka was closed at 3pm on September 4th due to typhoon Feiyan, and about 700 tourists from China were stranded. As the bridge connecting the airport was damaged, the staff of the Consulate General of China in Osaka could not enter the airport. At present, they are in contact with relevant Japanese departments and airlines through various channels to do a good job in the resettlement and transshipment of Japanese tourists. "Voice of Consular" said that it is understood that the airport has begun to transfer stranded tourists to the nearby Kobe Airport free of charge.

　　Kansai Airport Company, which operates the airport, said that the passenger throughput of Kansai Airport in 2017 reached 28.8 million passengers, a record high. Visitors to Japan, mainly from China, South Korea and Southeast Asia, play a driving role. The company had expected to break through the 30 million mark for the first time in 2018.

　　Typhoon Feiyan is the strongest typhoon Japan has encountered since 1993. According to the data of the Japanese National Police Agency, at least 9 people were killed, 229 others were injured and 2.03 million people were instructed to take refuge in Osaka Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.

　　Due to the heavy rainfall brought by typhoon, the risk of earth-rock disasters in Yamanashi Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Shizuoka Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Nara Prefecture and Shimane Prefecture is very high. The Japan Meteorological Agency issued warning information on earth-rock disasters in these areas. Due to the sharp rise of water level, irrigation has also occurred in Kinki, Central and Shikoku coastal areas.

　　In Osaka, the trees on the street have been uprooted by the strong wind and fallen to the roadside. There are also many cars and bicycles scattered around, and many billboards and walls on buildings have been blown down by the strong wind. Many vehicles were burned by the typhoon.

　　The Consulate General of China in Osaka had already issued relevant warnings on the 4th. The Consulate General issued an announcement to remind China citizens to pay close attention to meteorological warning information, avoid going to high-risk areas, and make disaster prevention preparations and various countermeasures in advance; In case of emergency, you can contact the Consulate General of Osaka or the Global Consular Protection and Service Emergency Call Center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China as soon as possible. (Overseas network Yao Kaihong)

On April 8th, HarmonyOS Zhixing officially announced that a new product launch conference will be held on April 16th, and it will be officially launched. According to the schedule, HarmonyOS Zhijia and smart glasses will be released at 14: 00 on the same day, and HarmonyOS Zhixing will be released at 14: 30.

The M8 is positioned as a medium and large SUV, with 5 seats /6 seats to choose from. Booking has been started before, and a total of 6 configuration models have been launched, with the pre-sale price range of 368,000-458,000. As of April 6, the small order of this car has exceeded 100,000 units.

The new car is equipped with a 1.5T range extender with a power of 118kW, and uses a driving motor with the front 165kW and the rear 227kW, with a maximum speed of 200km/h.. Matching ternary lithium-ion batteries with capacities of 51.975kWh and 36.019kWh, the corresponding pure battery life is 235/240km and 161km, and the official nominal comprehensive battery life is 1526km.

It is worth mentioning that the extended version will also be listed on the same day. Enjoy the pre-sale price range of S9 extended edition of 318,000-378,000 yuan; At the same time, the new extended-range Max version /Ultra version will be launched on April 17th, and the car has already started a small order before (you can enjoy an interest of 2,000 yuan to 5,000 yuan under the order).

　　1995 was the year with the largest increase in electricity in the history of this city. Following Comrade Li Peng’s instructions, with the strong support of the relevant departments of the central government, the first phase of the "9511 Project" was achieved as scheduled after nearly three years of hard work by the employees of North China Electricity Regulatory Bureau and Beijing Power Supply Bureau. In 1995, the electricity consumption index increased by 1 million kilowatts over the previous year, reaching 3.7 million kilowatts. Since November 1, 1995, the electricity consumption of residents in the capital has been stopped.

　　In order to implement the "9511 Project", the city has invested a total of 3.9 billion yuan. In the whole year, 11 new units with 2.63 million kilowatts were put into operation in North China Power Grid, and 5 units with 1.5 million kilowatts were put into operation in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Power Grid. The annual power transmission from Shanxi and Inner Mongolia energy bases to the east increased to 1.25 million kilowatts, accounting for about a quarter of the maximum load of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power grid. Unit 1 of the Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station was also connected to the grid for power generation in December. In three years, two 500 kV substations and eight 220 kV substations have been built, and the problems of aging wires, outdated facilities and insufficient capacity of urban residential buildings have been solved by stages, and the wiring of 23,700 residential buildings has been changed and the capacity has been increased by 22,000 amperes.

　　In 1995, the total electricity consumption in Beijing reached 22.26 billion kWh, equivalent to 314 times that in 1949. The domestic electricity consumption of urban and rural residents is 1.81 billion kWh, and the per capita annual domestic electricity consumption reaches 180 kWh, ranking second in the country.

　　Two, the new 30 thousand mu of vegetable protection land, the opening of three green channels, the public’s vegetable basket is more abundant.

　　1995 was the year with the strongest vegetable field construction in this city. The municipal level invested 120 million yuan, added 10,000 hectares (150,000 mu) of vegetable fields, developed 2,000 hectares (30,000 mu) of vegetable protected areas, and built 18 vegetable production bases with one village and one product, with the basic vegetable fields in the city reaching 31,900 hectares (478,000 mu). The total output of vegetables in the whole year was 3.97 billion kilograms, an increase of 13.5% over the previous year.

　　There are 75 newly developed pig farms with a scale of 10,000 heads, 20 newly built and qualified chicken farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads, and more than 150 pig farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads and more than 50 chicken farms with a scale of over 100,000 heads respectively. 48.896 million broilers were produced in the whole year, an increase of 38.5% over the previous year; There are 3.359 million commercial pigs, 111,000 beef cattle, 713,000 meat crops and 80,500 tons of aquatic products, all of which have increased over the previous year, ensuring the effective supply of the capital non-staple food market.

　　In order to enrich vegetable sources, increase supply and reduce prices, leading comrades of the municipal government led a team to Shandong, Hebei and other vegetable producing areas, and issued nearly 600 green passes to transporters who sent vegetables to Beijing for a long time, opening up three "green channels" in Shouguang, Shandong, Zhangjiakou and Laoting, Hebei, with an average of 3.5 million kilograms of vegetables coming to Beijing every day.

　　Three, 980 chain stores facilitate and benefit the people, and 800 state-owned designated grain stores play the role of the main channel.

　　1995 was the fastest year for the development of chain commerce in the city. The total number of chain stores reached 980, three times that at the beginning of the year, among which 430 convenience chain stores mainly engaged in grain, oil, meat, eggs, vegetables and daily necessities, six times that at the beginning of the year. A number of popular chain stores and convenience markets such as "Good Neighbor" chain stores in Xicheng District have emerged, which have played a positive role in ensuring the supply of daily necessities for residents and stabilizing prices.

　　The whole city has established a grain and oil supply security system with 800 state-owned designated grain stores as the core, including 600 in the suburbs of the city, dealing in at least 50 kinds of grain, oil and food. Some state-owned grain stores have implemented chain operation.

　　Ten large and medium-sized shopping malls with an area of 10,000 square meters or more will be built, bringing the total number of such shopping malls to 50. Beijing’s business presents a new pattern of supporting large, medium and small, and combining high, middle and low grades.

　　The total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 82.7 billion yuan, an increase of 15 billion yuan or 24% over the previous year, and maintained a double-digit growth for 13 consecutive years.

　　In the whole year, 13 new markets were built, 80 were upgraded and rebuilt, and 1 agricultural and sideline products direct selling market was piloted, with a total market of 1062, an increase of 1.2%; The turnover was 19.5 billion yuan, an increase of 30.1%. There are 20 bazaars with annual turnover exceeding 100 million yuan. The bazaar has become an important channel for people’s non-staple food supply in the capital.

　　Fourth, do everything possible to solve the living difficulties of some people and actively carry out poverty alleviation in remote mountainous areas.

　　"send warm" activities are widely carried out in the city. In order to ensure the basic livelihood of low-income workers and enterprise retirees, from the second half of 1995, the minimum monthly wage in the city was raised from 210 yuan to 240 yuan; Increased the pension for retirees; The payment standard of unemployment security fund has been raised from 150-188 yuan to 174-218 yuan. More than 14 million yuan was borrowed from the unemployment insurance fund to provide basic living expenses for employees in difficult enterprises.

　　On the original basis, the standard of pension relief and subsidy for special care recipients in the city increased by 20 yuan per person per month, and 1.2 million yuan was granted to 3,070 low-income severely disabled people. Social relief funds have been set up in 50 streets, raising a total of 2.23 million yuan in the whole year, and providing additional living allowances ranging from tens of yuan per month for social relief recipients. Raising funds from various sources, 68 nursing homes were relocated, expanded and transformed. The second five-guarantee survey was carried out in the city, and the support standards and service measures were implemented to ensure the basic life of the five-guarantee recipients.

　　We have fully implemented the method of placing disabled people in employment in proportion. All social units have newly placed 622 disabled people in employment, and 3,210 disabled people have received vocational education and skills training. For 5256 cataract patients, surgery for sight recovery was performed, and for more than 700 disabled people, rehabilitation and corrective treatment were carried out. 18 districts and counties have generally carried out community rehabilitation services for the disabled.

　　A three-year plan for the renovation of dilapidated houses for special care recipients and poor families in mountainous areas was implemented, and housing was rebuilt and renovated for 290 special care recipients and 354 poor families in mountainous areas throughout the year.

　　Last year, various natural disasters occurred alternately in the suburbs of Beijing. The affected area was 161,000 hectares (2.41 million mu), with 1.618 million people affected and 932,000 people affected. The city allocated 6.8 million yuan for disaster relief, provided rations for 73,000 victims with difficulties in living, provided clothing and bedding for 18,000 people, provided medical services for 1,600 people, and maintained 1,179 houses for 369 victims, thus ensuring the basic livelihood of the victims.

　　The municipal finance allocated a special fund of 20 million yuan for the relocation project of 5000 households and 171000 people in 60 remote towns and villages with dangerous households and poor living conditions. 4,150 households and 13,700 people have been relocated, accounting for 83% and 80% of the plan respectively.

　　More than 1,500 cadres went deep into remote mountainous areas to help the poor, introducing 51.37 million yuan of foreign capital, 434 projects and setting up 275 enterprises. The per capita labor income of farmers in 60 remote mountainous townships exceeded 1,600 yuan, an increase of 123 yuan or 8.3% over the previous year.

　　Five, the "re-employment project" officially launched 1.75 million employees to participate in social pooling of serious illness.

　　The Opinions on the Implementation of Re-employment Project in Beijing was formulated, and the municipal labor department allocated 43.7 million yuan from the unemployment security fund, which diverted nearly 60,000 unemployed and laid-off workers throughout the year. 500 new labor and employment service enterprises were established, and 16,500 unemployed and laid-off workers were placed in labor service enterprises. There are 112 new employment agencies, with a total of 187, which have introduced jobs for 170,000 people. More than 6,000 unemployed and laid-off workers have participated in various employment and job-transfer trainings organized by the labor department, and more than 4,000 of them have returned to their posts after passing the training. The city’s unemployment rate is controlled within 1%.

　　Social co-ordination of medical expenses for serious illness was carried out in 18 districts and counties of the city, with 1.75 million employees and retirees participating, and 34,000 people were reimbursed for serious illness medical expenses of l.63 million yuan.

　　Six, residential completion of 8.565 million square meters can provide new homes for 120 thousand residents.

　　In 1995, the area of newly-built housing was the largest in this city, with a total completed residential area of 8.565 million square meters, including 7.6 million square meters, 800,000 square meters more than the previous year, which can provide new homes for 120,000 residents. The renovation project of dilapidated houses completed an investment of 4.59 billion yuan and 1.197 million square meters. In the whole year, a total of 85 residential areas were rebuilt, of which 15 were newly started, and 3 were completed in Jingtai Dongli, Ming Wan Temple and Beilishi Road. A total of 600,000 square meters of dilapidated houses were demolished, 19,200 residents were relocated, and 20,700 residents were actually resettled, including 7,700 at one time.

　　The task of building 600,000 square meters of housing has been implemented, which can solve the housing difficulties for about 11,000 poor households with a per capita living area of less than 4 square meters.

　　Remarkable results have been achieved in treating common leakage problems of residential houses. According to the detection, the leakage of roof, bathroom and eaves decreased from 8.5%, 24% and 14.7% in 1990 to 1.42%, 0.94% and 0.47% respectively in 1995.

　　Seven, 190 environmental protection facts were completed on schedule, and 72 key industrial pollution projects were treated or relocated.

　　Focusing on the prevention and control of air pollution and the protection of drinking water sources, 10 environmental protection facts determined by the municipal government at the beginning of the year were completed, and 180 environmental protection facts were completed by the district and county governments.

　　72 key industrial pollution sources were treated and relocated within a time limit, exceeding the original plan by 44%. Among them, 22 people, such as calcium carbide furnace in No.2 Chemical Plant, steel-making workshop and auxiliary production facilities in the southern district of Shougang Special Steel Company, have strongly reflected that the factories and workshops with serious pollution have stopped production or moved.

　　With an investment of 80 million yuan, 27 dust control tasks were completed in Shougang Company, Gaojing Power Plant and Yanshan Cement Plant. The newly-built noise standard area is 26.4 square kilometers, and the noise standard area in the whole city reaches 204.78 square kilometers. The coverage rate of urban noise standard has increased from 32% in the previous year to 43.8%.

　　To protect drinking water sources, 10 oil depots and gas stations located in underground water source protection areas were treated and reformed within a time limit. 9400 hectares of water conservation forest were built in the upper reaches of Miyun and Huairou reservoirs, and the small watershed management area was 245.7 square kilometers.

　　The management of tobacco control areas was strengthened, 31 coal thrower boilers were reformed, and 80% of the tea stoves and stoves in the Third Ring Road stopped the loose burning of raw coal, which reduced the smoke emission.

　　Eight, large-scale renovation of the city appearance and environment to build a number of clean and beautiful living quarters.

　　60 model streets and 218 model hutongs have been newly built. Renovate 208 urban-rural fringe areas, clean up a large number of sanitary dead ends, cancel 192 illegal and disorderly stall markets, and ban 110,000 unlicensed vendors. 42,800 units have improved the responsibility book for city appearance and environmental sanitation. This city was awarded the title of "Excellent City" by the Ministry of Construction for the comprehensive improvement of urban environment in 1995.

　　More than 30 million yuan was invested to comprehensively renovate the first batch of 60 residential quarters, which solved the problems of lack of supporting facilities, chaotic management and poor environment, and the living environment of 43 residential quarters was greatly improved.

　　In 487 residential areas with 447,000 residents, the activities of creating civilized residential areas with strengthening community management and improving living environment and living conditions were carried out, accounting for 20.6% of the total number of urban residents in the city. Among them, 73 residential areas were rated as civilized residential areas in the capital, and 241 residential areas were rated as civilized residential areas at the district and county levels.

　　Nine, 30 new closed cleaning stations, the second ring road, the third ring road, the main bridge to achieve mechanical cleaning.

　　30 closed cleaning stations have been newly built, and 585 have been put into use, and the closed garbage collection and transportation rate has reached 70%. In the whole year, 4.7 million tons of garbage were removed, which was the same as the previous year, and the harmless treatment rate of garbage reached 22%.

　　There were 43,100 new households with garbage bags in Shuangqilou District, reaching 598,100. The consolidation rate of garbage bags in institutions and bazaars reached 100%.

　　The establishment of the expressway cleaning service center has realized the mechanical cleaning of the main roads and bridges of the Second Ring Road and the Third Ring Road, ensured the operation safety of sanitation workers and improved the cleaning quality. The mechanized cleaning area of the city reached 10.38 million square meters; The total area of road sweeping and cleaning reached 45 million square meters, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year.

　　100 standard public toilets above Class III were newly built or rebuilt, and 1,050 public toilets above Class III were accumulated (including 230 paid public toilets). Of the 38 public toilets designed and piloted in the Capital Public Toilet Design Competition, 26 have been completed, of which 20 have been put into use.

　　Ten, the urban telephone penetration rate reached 35 per 100 people, and all 60 poor towns and villages in the suburbs opened program-controlled telephones.

　　693,600 networked program-controlled telephone exchanges were opened, and the total capacity of telephone network exchanges in the city reached 3.693 million; Among them, the capacity of telephone exchanges in public networks is 2.375 million, an increase of 1.8586 million in recent five years.

　　The number of local telephones increased by 501,600, equivalent to half of the total number of users in the city in the past 45 years, and the total number of users reached 1.5 million. The number of telephones per 100 people increased from 18.5 in the previous year to 24, of which the number of telephones per 100 people in urban areas increased from 28 to 35.4.

　　6,436 public telephones were added, with a total number of more than 20,000, and the public telephone penetration rate reached 1.9 per 1,000 people.

　　The number of mobile phones actually increased by 84,000, more than double that of the previous year, and the total number exceeded 160,000. The number of fully automatic authorized users in the real growth path was 4.85 million, an increase of 67.5% over the previous year, reaching 1.203 million. Users can call 2094 domestic cities and 218 countries and regions directly at any time.

　　Invested 61.284 million yuan to transform the subscriber line flying line, and completed the transformation task of 2,879 buildings and 195,400 households.

　　Invested 60 million yuan to carry out "telecom poverty alleviation", built 60 telecom projects in remote mountainous towns and villages, laid 9 trunk optical cables for more than 400 kilometers, built or rebuilt 16 bureaus, added 20,000 program-controlled telephones and more than 3,000 users. All 60 remote mountainous towns and villages have opened program-controlled telephones.

　　Eleven, add 112 postal outlets and 656 new residential buildings to realize postal service.

　　81 post offices and 31 postal service points have been newly opened. The total number of postal service outlets reached 575, an increase of 24.2% over the previous year. 50 new service points, such as international parcel, valet clearance and international express delivery point, were added.

　　Postal service for 656 new residential buildings. The direct delivery area of EMS mail was expanded from within the Third Ring Road to within the Fourth Ring Road, and the direct delivery rate reached 100%. 106 new newspapers and periodicals were issued, with a total of 1198, an increase of 10% over the previous year.

　　Invested 18 million yuan to build 30 new branch offices with computerized business windows, double the previous year. All 43 computerized sub-branches have implemented comprehensive desktop service for business receipt and delivery, and users can handle multiple businesses at the same time in one window.

　　The "green card" project of postal savings was officially opened, and 100 outlets realized computer networking and universal deposit and withdrawal.

　　Twelve, the annual urban isolation forest construction exceeded 10,000 mu for the first time, and the per capita public green space area of the city increased again.

　　2.5 million trees were planted in urban greening (including 730,000 climbing plants), an increase of 130,000 over the same period of last year; Planting grass was 1.687 million square meters, an increase of 187,000 square meters; The net increase in green area is 1010 hectares.

　　More than 40 urban isolation forest constructions were completed, covering 902 hectares, exceeding the previous year’s 348 hectares. For the first time, the number of annual forest constructions exceeded 10,000 mu, equivalent to the sum of the Seventh Five-Year Plan period. The urban forest area has reached 1615 hectares.

　　Complete and improve the greening of 30 roads and bridges such as Northwest Third Ring Road and Airport Road, covering nearly 100 kilometers and 71 hectares, and the road greening length has reached 1789 kilometers. Two million plants (pots) of flowers have been planted, and the main roads in the city have initially formed a garden landscape with trees, shrubs and flowers, flowers in three seasons and evergreen in all seasons. Ten parks were built and rebuilt, 76.8 hectares of residential areas were afforested and beautified, and 5.5 hectares were renovated.

　　The total area of urban greening has reached 16,500 hectares, the green coverage rate is 32.4%, there are 120 parks, and the per capita public green space has increased from 6.58 square meters in the previous year to 7.08 square meters.

　　There were 14.392 million trees planted in the plain farmland forest network and surrounding areas, exceeding the plan by 43.9%, an increase of 570,000 trees over the previous year; 13,800 hectares (207,000 mu) of artificial afforestation in barren hills was completed, exceeding the plan by 15%; Complete the cultivation of young and middle-aged forests of 20,000 hectares (300,000 mu); Closing hillsides for afforestation is 13,300 hectares (200,000 mu); There are 820 hectares (12,300 mu) of sand control and afforestation in Kangzhuang and Baihe, which is twice as much as the previous year’s 366 hectares (5,500 mu).

　　Thirteen, open bus lines 15 more than 500 new buses put into operation.

　　Fifteen bus lines were newly opened, and six lines were adjusted and extended. Among them, two lines, trolley bus 410 and branch bus 410, were opened, which facilitated the travel of hundreds of thousands of residents in Huangcun Satellite City and along it. The 393 bus from Taipingzhuang to Erlizhuang Community was opened, which facilitated the travel of dozens of institutions, courtyards, scientific research units, military retired cadres and the general public along the line, and was welcomed by units and the masses along the line.

　　Add and update 508 buses, which is the year with the largest number of new cars in history. The quality and capacity of bus electric vehicles have been greatly improved.

　　There are 54 new metro vehicles. By adding wide-body cars and marshalling cars, the capacity of the first line of the subway has been increased by 15% and 25% respectively, which has alleviated the overload operation to some extent.

　　The total number of public transport passengers reached 4.6 billion. Among them, bus passenger traffic was 3.15 billion, subway passenger traffic was 558 million, and taxi passenger traffic was 591 million, up by 5.3%, 4.3% and 6.5% respectively.

　　1 new long-distance bus station, 7 bus stops, 100 new and updated advertising bus shelters, and 39 new monthly ticket sales points.

　　Fourteen, Beijing West Railway Station was completed and opened, and the Jingtong Expressway was fully connected.

　　Beijing West Railway Station is a modern large-scale railway passenger station jointly built by the Ministry of Railways and our city. It is the passenger station with the largest investment, the largest scale and advanced technology in the history of railway construction in China, with a recent design capacity of receiving and dispatching 60 pairs of passenger trains. After three years of hard work, Beijing West Railway Station officially opened for operation on January 21, 1996, which is of great significance to alleviating the tension of railway passenger transport in North China, improving Beijing’s infrastructure and prospering the capital economy.

　　With an investment of 1.9 billion yuan, the Jingtong Expressway with a total length of 18.6 kilometers was built in just six months, with a road area of 835,000 square meters. Seven overpasses, three river-crossing bridges, eight pedestrian bridges and one pedestrian crossing were built along the way. The completion of Jingtong Expressway connects Airport Expressway, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Expressway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang Expressway and the Third Ring Expressway into a whole through the East Third Ring Road, forming a rapid traffic network, which greatly relieves the traffic congestion in JD.COM, and plays an important role in strengthening the economic exchanges between the capital and Northeast China and promoting the economic and social development of this city.

　　The construction of Muxidi overpass and the reconstruction project of Luodao Zhuang Qiao were completed, and eight pedestrian crossings from Fuwai to Gongzhufen were put into use successively. There are 174 overpasses and 101 pedestrian bridges in the city.

　　In the whole year, 100 kilometers of highways were added, and the total length of highways in the city reached 11,600 kilometers, including 130 kilometers of expressways, and the highway density reached 0.75 kilometers per square kilometer.

　　15. The formal water supply, steam and heat supply of the second phase of the Ninth Water Plant continued to improve.

　　The second phase of the ninth water plant was completed and put into operation, with an increasing water supply capacity of 500,000 tons, which eased the shortage of urban water supply.

　　There are 82,800 new gas users, with a total of 2.187 million. Urban residents cooking gasification rate reached 90%. The newly added central heating area is 1.8 million square meters, reaching 28.548 million square meters.

　　42 tap water pipeline pressure regulating projects were completed, which solved the problem of draft difficulty for 4572 households. The municipal water supply company invested 3.3 million yuan to newly lay 400 mm diameter main pipes for Maizidian in Chaoyang District and Landian Factory in Haidian District, and transformed No.335 water source well, which greatly improved the water supply pressure in the two areas.

　　Investment of nearly 320 million yuan, the implementation of 365 technical transformation projects to eliminate hidden dangers of water, gas and heat supply. Sudden accidents in water, gas and heat supply decreased from 263 in the previous year to 149, a decrease of nearly 43%.

　　Sixteen, the incidence of major infectious diseases continued to decline steadily, and the rural medical and health level reached a new level.

　　All indicators of prevention and health care were completed as scheduled throughout the year, and the incidence of major infectious diseases decreased steadily. The reported incidence of Class A and B infectious diseases decreased by 16.17% over the previous year, including hepatitis by 28.5% and dysentery by 7.85%. The vaccination rate of adolescent hepatitis B vaccine reached 88.39%; Tuberculosis control continues to maintain high quality.

　　The coverage rate of public health supervision and inspection and the number of sampling tests have increased over the previous year. The city has established 19 centralized disinfection stations for tableware in small and medium-sized restaurants. The whole city has basically achieved universal consumption of iodized salt.

　　20 hospitals passed the national baby-friendly hospital evaluation, with a total of 92 hospitals; In addition to children’s hospitals, all general hospitals with more than 10 obstetric beds, specialized obstetric hospitals and maternal and child care hospitals have become baby-friendly hospitals. Eighteen districts and counties have completed the maternal and child health indicators in the mid-term indicators of the Outline of China Children’s Development Plan in the 1990s. Maternal and child health indicators rank among the top in the country.

　　Medical and health conditions in rural areas have been further improved, and 36 health centers have been rebuilt and expanded, with a total area of 46,000 square meters. From 1992 to 1995, there were 165 rural health centers in the city, covering an area of 200,000 square meters, exceeding 50% of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. After the transformation, the rural hospitals are basically equipped with 200-300 mA X-ray machines, ECG, B-ultrasound, first aid, examination, surgery and other equipment. The central hospitals and some general hospitals with strong technical strength have been able to perform total hysterectomy and total gastrectomy. The rural areas of the city completed the Eighth Five-Year Plan of primary health care one year ahead of schedule, and achieved the requirements stipulated in the National Planning Goal of "Health Care for All in China’s Rural Areas by the Year 2000" six years ahead of schedule.

　　With an investment of 5 million yuan, 66 villages and 51,000 people can eat tap water that meets the hygienic standards, and the population penetration rate of drinking tap water in the city reaches 96%. The drinking water conditions of more than 7,000 people in 17 remote mountain villages have been improved, and the popularization rate of water improvement in the city has reached 99.1%. In the whole year, 103,000 latrines were improved in rural areas, with the latrine improvement rate increasing by 9.7% over the previous year.

　　Seventeen, weak foundation schools continue to improve the conditions for running schools, 160,000 square meters of teachers’ housing completed.

　　The annual expenditure on education was 2.31 billion yuan, an increase of 33.66% over the previous year, which is a year with more growth in recent years.

　　Priority was given to the allocation of 14.61 million yuan to implement 10 practical things that the municipal party committee and municipal government did for education in 1995. Among them, 3 million yuan was earmarked to improve the conditions for running schools with weak foundations; Subsidized 3 million yuan to build a boarding school in mountainous areas.

　　A special fund of 40 million yuan was allocated for school construction. Under the grim situation of a net increase of 60,000 middle school students, there was no "two-part system" in the city.

　　From 1993 to 1995, the municipal government subsidized 150 million yuan to build primary and secondary school teachers’ houses in the general education system, and a total of 320,000 square meters of houses were built. Among them, in 1995, the subsidy fund was 51 million yuan, and 160,000 square meters were completed.

　　In 1989, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to allocate special funds to solve the housing difficulties of outstanding teachers. Among them, 5,640 square meters of housing was provided for the teaching staff of the institutions affiliated to the municipal, district and county adult education bureaus, and the subsidy funds were 5.64 million yuan, which was put in place at the end of 1995. In 1994, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to provide 33,000 square meters of housing for the teaching staff of the institutions affiliated to the municipal, district and county adult education bureaus, which required more than 16 million yuan, and 8 million yuan had been put in place by the end of 1995.

　　Eighteen, shooting more than 300 episodes of TV series, millions of people attended the Beijing Book Festival.

　　More than 30 newly created dramas (festivals) were staged, and the municipal art performance groups performed more than 4,000 performances throughout the year. Throughout the year, the municipal radio and television system filmed 344 episodes of 21 TV dramas, and broadcasted more than 400 episodes of 60 TV dramas. A number of works and plays with certain artistic standards, such as Beijing Opera "Holy Heart-Kong Fansen" and Quju "Smoke Pot", were loved by the masses.

　　Around the large-scale cultural and artistic activities of "Love the Motherland and Love Beijing", mass cultural activities such as the Spring Festival Temple Fair, the Farmers’ Art Festival "Country Singer Competition", the 3040-year cultural performance of Beijing Jiancheng, the mass singing activity of "Flowers in May", the ’95 Beijing Summer Cultural Square and the Beijing Art Festival were organized. The number of temple fairs in the Spring Festival has increased to 10 on the basis of the past, and more than 4 million people have participated in various folk spring festival activities. The ’95 Summer Cultural Square in Beijing, which lasted for three months, held 1,091 performances, 1,891 open-air movies, 2,919 open-air dances, 7,003 yangko performances and 201 other recreational activities in the urban area alone. More than 20 million people participated in various cultural activities throughout the year.

　　The third Beijing Book Festival was held, which received 1 million readers in 10 days and sold 2.33 million books.

　　In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War and the 50th anniversary of the victory of China people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the theme of reading activities was determined, and 30 required books and 20 recommended books were recommended to the society.

　　More than 10,000 books have been donated to Huimin School, Tibet Middle School, bright primary school, Yanqing Pearl Township Primary School, Huairou Xinchengzi Township Primary School and Beijing Children’s Library, and incentive funds for reading activities have been established for Beijing Children’s Library, bright primary school and Pearl Township Central Primary School. We implemented the "Ten Thousand Villages Stack Room" project and donated 500 books worth 150,000 yuan to five districts and counties in the suburbs of Beijing.

　　Nineteen, strengthen the management of foreign population Dahongmen area has a new look.

　　1995 was the year in which the city introduced the largest number of measures to manage the floating population. Based on the principle of "scale control, strict management, enhanced service and legal protection", the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on the Management of Foreign Workers and Businessmen in Beijing and more than 10 supporting regulations on household registration, renting houses, working and doing business and family planning management of foreign workers and businessmen in Beijing were promulgated. A total of 1.463 million certificates were issued for foreigners, including 706,000 temporary residence permits, 600,000 employment permits, 27,000 business licenses and 130,000 marriage and childbirth certificates, which provided legal protection for foreigners to work, do business and live in Beijing.

　　We strengthened the rectification and management of 33 migrant areas, seized 6,984 illegal workers and criminals, demolished and stopped renting 21,800 illegal houses and shacks, and rectified 38,000 stalls and places with complicated personnel, thus improving the health and public security environment.

　　In the process of cleaning up and rectifying the Dahongmen area, a total of 9,917 illegal houses and more than 350 commercial sheds were demolished, and more than 18,000 people were removed. In November and December, the illegal and criminal activities in this area decreased by 61.9% year-on-year. The legal operation of more than 20,000 foreign personnel is protected. After renovation, the market in Dahongmen area is prosperous and in good order.

　　Twenty, the "limited support" work was carried out smoothly without a case of dog injury or death.

　　On the basis of fully soliciting the opinions of the general public, on May 1, 1995, the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on Strictly Restricting Dog Raising was officially implemented. A total of 96,500 people (units) in the city have registered dogs, and the number of dogs has dropped from 210,000 before the implementation of the Regulations to 96,000, a decrease of 58%. The number of people bitten by dogs in the city decreased by 41.2%, of which the key restricted areas decreased by 53.28%. Governments at all levels strictly control the number of dogs in accordance with the law, improve the quality of dog immunization, and timely and effectively treat bitten people. There was no incident of dog injury or death throughout the year.

　　In 1995, people’s governments at all levels did a lot of work directly related to people’s lives, but there were still some unsatisfactory things. 1996 is the first year of the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Under the guidance of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s building of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory and the Party’s basic line, we should unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core, resolutely implement a series of important instructions of the CPC Central Committee on Beijing’s work and the important speech made by General Secretary Jiang Zemin during his inspection of Beijing, unite as one, make every effort to overcome difficulties, work hard, take greater steps in reform and construction, and strive to do more for the people.